Cathedrals ^2
We have discussed and studied different types of cathedrals, temples, and mosques throughout this course so far and how their architectural design has changed over time, allowing for greater enclosed space for worship. 
The Speyer Cathedral is a basilica style church in the Rhine River Valley in France. It is characterized with its four towers and two domes. It was founded by the leader Conrad II in 1030, but was remodeled by King Henry IV who added more Gothic elements to the structure. Inside each of the nave bays, there are massive compound piers which support the transverse ribs of a groin vault. 
Groin vaults were used in both the Speyer Cathedral and the Durham Cathedral. They allow for greater areas to be enclosed by a roof with stronger structural support through the interlocking arches. There are piers alternating in size supporting the aisle bays inside the cathedral. This was done to show a rhythmic pattern of heavy and light elements. While groin vaults originally was created for aesthetic pu
rposes in Ottonian architecture, it is now a significant design feature for churches. The exterior of the Speyer Cathedral has influences from two different cultures; Ottonian and Carolingian. It was created in order to represent the self-portrayal of the abundance of imperial power during the Salian period in the Rhine River Valley.
The Durham Cathedral on the other hand represents a different style in the Romanesque era. This church is a prime example of Norman Romanesque architecture. The Durha
m Cathedral also has massive compound and columnar piers which form the nave arcade of the church; this was done to establish a similar rhythmic alternation like the Speyer Cathedral. This church had a lot more carved detail than the Speyer Cathedral. On the compound piers, there are chevrons, spiral fluting, and diamond patterns along with scalloped and cushion shaped capitals on the tops. The arches also contained a lot of detail with the addition of multiple round moldings and chevron ornaments all of which would have been beautifully painted when it was created.
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