Capstone Reflection

Throughout my time here at VMI indentured in the English department I have taken a variety of courses, that forever have shaped my wellbeing into the person I am today. It has led me to question many things and how it is viewed throughout the world. My many courses with MAJ. Knepper like, Modernism, philosophy and literature, Fiction and Nonfiction readings have challenged me in a way I have never thought before. In many of my courses I have learned what discourse communities are and what the intent of lyrical address is. The question of how lyrical address creates a relationship with the speaker/ reader has been widely debated in the rhetorical field of rhetoric for many years. lyric address is found adamantly within Langston Hughes poetry. His poetry itself creates and constructs communities from its audience. There are many speculations about how Lyric address formulates and constructs these communities. Consider the Harlem renaissance a great poetic time for the black community in expressing themselves both musically and rhetorically, during this time period in the U.S many peoples of colors were ridiculed and discriminated against. Many were attacked just for the color of their skin and were judged based on assumptions that were not true, just because of the way they looked. My capstone was to address the communities within lyric address while providing a deeper understanding of it through Langston Hughes poetry, and his life. It is because of the classes that I have experienced here at VMI it has led me to develop this capstone.

First and foremost, The process which began my capstone was finding what thing to appropriately write about. It was really hard deciding what to write about when it came to the realm of my capstone. This was due to the many courses that I have partaken at VMI I knew that while my time in LTC Knepper’s classes I always enjoyed the outlook of how we describe short stories and even poems. We specifically went over the Harlem renascence era of poets and authors and that really inspired me. The poetry that I encountered really made me grow and want to learn more. I remember Specifically going over Langston Hughes and the way that he wrote poetry really spoke to me. He was a very unique poet and the way he delivered his message in his poetry. It was after writing one of my papers for LTC Knepper that I realized that I was interested in doing Langston Hughes as my capstone. I had a very interesting out look on two of his poems that we had read in his class. “Mother to son” and elevator boy. We as a class went over different poems and artwork of the time period of the renaissance and we had a very deep conversation about the poem Mother to Son.  The poem was about the hardships of life and how at every corner of life there will be trials. This is what the stairs was supposed to represent hence why the mother was informing her son. I really liked that idea and in some weird way I knew that I some how wanted to talk about this idea, but I wondered how?

I found Elevator boy a poem about Langston Hughes. It was about a man who worked as an elevator boy. In the poem Hughes described the characters life. He explained that he goes up and down everyday not making enough money. Maybe a kiss a hug but nothing steady. He talks about how constantly that he is going up and down on this elevator. How maybe clean some kitchens and alludes to other jobs that he has done that is barley getting him by? I thought this was interesting because the elevator resembles the boy’s life and how its like riding an elevator. This poem talked about how up and down life was altogether and I saw a similarity with “mother to son” as well. After viewing and uncovering what both poems were, I decided that I wanted to do something with both poems and connect them in some way.

I took a class from MAJ Iten rhetorical traditions and we talked about lyric address. This is the process of who or what the person is speaking to and how. I also learned in Rat course at VMI what discourse community is and how all people are grouped into one by their genre. This is the things that they like and are associated with. These two topics go hand and hand with one another, and it made sense to me. This is when I realized I knew what I wanted to do for my capstone. I wanted to show how I saw the same characters across both poems. I felt that the son in the first poem was the same boy in “elevator boy” just at a later time in his life. Thus this began my journey into my capstone project.

My capstone was composed of ideology about lyric address and discourse community. I first introduced those topics and wanted the reader to understand what they were and how it had to deal with my overall idea. In doing this it would set up my explanation of what it is I saw in Langston Hughes poetry. I then explained and gave a brief explanation of who Hughes was and his background in poetry. Hughes is known as one of the best poets of the Harlem renaissance. This is because he expressed his feeling about the oppressed race of African Americans and exploited this in his poetry.

I then dove into my analysis of both poems depicting lines from both poems and explaining what those lines meant. I did this to give the reader an opportunity to see what point that I was trying to make. I also stated and explained how both poems went together and explained how they were associated with one another while using the rhetorical devices of lyric address and discourse community. The community that both associate with is the African American community and the problems and unjust things that they have encountered. This is what Langston Hughes poetry symbolizes.

In explaining my argument more I used other sources like the effects of the world today and everything that is going on in the country. Its sad that due to Covid and the incident that happened with George Floyd that we still are seeing Langston Hughes poetry come to life today.

I also used a article of Langston Hughes about one of his other counterparts that is ashamed of being a black poet. This further showed Langston Hughes poetry coming to life and explains why he wrote for the oppressed and explained why the mother told her son what she told him and how it affected his life through both poems.

I hope in further explain what Langston Hughes meant allows use to strive and search for a better tomorrow this capstone project allowed to me to take what I learned here in the department and put it to good use. Respectable my time in MY ERH classes Are the reason I wrote my capstone and I have uncovered so much in my short time here at VMI. I hope that someone after me will further uncover the mysteries of poetry, And I plan to continue looking more and exploring the unknown.

In this capstone, I will examine two of Langston Hughes poems “Mother to Son” “’Elevator boy”. These two poems I will dissect and fully interpret the meanings and symbols and imagery that both poems show. I hope by the end of this my audience will have a full understanding of lyric address and how these two poems deal with constructing communities from its audiences. I argue that through lyric address we are able to see the communities that people are put in through poetry.

I think that through the use of Langston Hughes poetry this will be very evident. Lyric address shapes the way people see different people in different communities. Many do not understand or know what lyric address is. Lyric poetry is a formal type of poetry which expresses personal emotions or feelings, typically spoken in the first person. It is not equivalent to song lyrics, though they are often in the lyric mode. What Lyric address contends of is who is the author talking to many believe that it is to himself or to the audience. Lyric address is the “who” in whoever the poet is addressing in his poetry. I believe that lyric address and discourse go hand in hand with one another. Discourse community is a group of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals. Linguist John Swales defined discourse communities as “groups that have goals or purposes and use communication to achieve these goals.”(Gutenberg Project) This is seen all through poetry is especially during the Harlem Renaissance. The two poems mentioned earlier by Langston Hughes that I will be uncovering show evidence of discourse community and use of lyric address. I have one interesting outlook on this. I believe that through lyric address you are able to put people into community groups based on the literature and beliefs that they have. This where you get discourse communities. I believe that across both poems I see Langston Hughes talking through the same character “(the son in both poems) theme in both poems.  The common theme I see is struggle and how everyday life is not easy. This character is related to lyric address and discourse community through both poems. It connects the character from one poem to another and that creates that community.

One thing you must know first is a little background on the author and how his poetry deals with discourse community and lyric address. Langston Hughes was born “James Mercer Langston Hughes”, he was born February 1st in 1902. In Joplin Missouri. He is the child of James Hughes and Carrie Langston. Shortly after Hughes was born his parents separated for reasons unknown. His father then moved to Mexico. “Hughes was raised primarily by his grandmother, Mary, until she died in his early teens. From that point, he went to live with his mother, and they moved to several cities before eventually settling in Cleveland, Ohio.” (Britannica) It was during this time that Hughes first began to write poetry. One of Langston Hughes teachers introduced him to authors like Walt Whitman. Walt was one of his primary influencers on his writing style. Whitman’s style of writing and expressing exactly how he feels is what Langston Hughes took pride in. Langston graduated high school and wrote one of hist first poems “The Negros speaks rivers”. After doing so he moved to Mexico with his father for a short period of time. Hughes was highly praised for his success from his poem. Once he left Mexico and returned to the united states Hughes attended Columbia University. It was here that he got accustomed to the Harlem renaissance. The Harlem renaissance “was an intellectual, social, and artistic explosion centered in Harlem, New York, spanning the 1920s. At the time, it was known as the “New Negro Movement”, named after The New Negro, a 1925 anthology edited by Alain Locke. The movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the Great Migration, of which Harlem was the largest.”  (Britannica) Hughes was an original pioneer for the Harlem renaissance. Growing up Hughes worked many different jobs. Many that required intense labor you can see this by his description of how some of his poetry conveys the everyday working man. His poem like a “Dream Differed” “Mother to son” “Elevator boy” and “The Negro Mother” all of these poems exemplify an everyday African American and the troubles that they endure. Because of this very reason is why people loved and hated how Langston Hughes wrote and how he portrayed these characters in his poems. This also made him very loved by the African American community. “On the date of May 22, 1967 Langston Hughes lost his life due to complications of prostate.” (Britannica) Langston Hughes background explains so much about how pivotal he was to Harlem renaissance.  Because of his poetry during the renaissance it was able to fuel the black community. This is why I believe Hughes poetry deals with discourse community and lyric address. As a poet Hughes was able to construct a community through his poetry. The way he uses his characters are what aids in the use of the rhetorical device of lyric address. He is able to persuade his audience on a notion and able to bring them together.

In “mother to son” The mother is telling the boy that all her hardships that she has endured he will too endure. That even though life is not easy you always have to keep pressing forward and never look weak. “Well, son, I’ll tell you: Life for me ain’t been no crystal stair. It’s had tacks in it, And splinters, And boards torn up, And places with no carpet on the floor Bare.” The first stanza clearly indicates the mother talking to the son. Explaining to him that life has not been a “crystal stair”. That there are problems around every corner of life and places where you have never been before. This imagery depicts the mother telling the boy about her life and what she has gone through. The second stanza takes a turn “But all the time I’se been a-climbin’ on, And reachin’ landin’s, And turnin’ corners, And sometimes goin’ in the dark Where there ain’t been no light. So boy, don’t you turn back.” She encourages the boy to stay on the bath that even though you may face trouble, you should never give up. The final stanza shows a positive outlook “Don’t you set down on the steps ’Cause you finds it’s kinder hard. Don’t you fall now— For I’se still goin’, honey, I’se still climbin’, And life for me ain’t been no crystal stair.” The reiteration of how life has not been a crystal stair drives on the main point of my argument. In this poem you see a story and it provides imagery about a mother relaying her information to her son on how important it is to not give up. This is an associated theme across the second poem “elevator boy”.

Elevator Boy to me is the epidemy of lyric address. Here I believe that Langston Hughes is now the same boy from “mother to son” but grown up now. In this poem he talks about his life and the ups and downs he is currently facing. “I got a job now Runnin’ an elevator, In the Dennison Hotel in Jersey. Job ain’t no good though. No money around. Jobs are just chances Like everything else. Maybe a little luck now, Maybe not.” I see this as one of the points the mother was telling the son. That life aint a crystal stair. As you can see the son is now fully grown and on his own talking about his life and job. The last half of the poem is interesting. “Maybe a good job sometimes: Step out o’ the barrel, boy. Two new suits an’ A woman to sleep with. Maybe no luck for a long time. Only the elevators Goin’ up an’ down, Up an’ down, Or somebody else’s shoes To shine, Or greasy pots in a dirty kitchen. I been runnin’ this Elevator too long. Guess I’ll quit now” What I think these last lines of the poem is the son talking about life in general. He says “I been runnin’ this Elevator too long. Guess I’ll quit now” earlier in the poem he explains all the other things as well. Maybe a woman to sleep with maybe a chance to make some money.  Here the son is talking about how his life is just a repeated cycle of going up and down. Even though is job is working as an elevator boy this is a metaphor for his life in general. His life has been a complete struggle with it shares of ups and downs.

Many people wonder what these two poems have in common. This leads back to my overarching point in this entire discussion. I believe that across both poems I see the same character in just later point in his life. Hughes as a poet allows you as the reader to interrupt what the poems means to you. He allows your mind to run and accumulate an interpretation for yourself. Hughes himself after a short period of time expanded his poetry to social injustices of the African American community. He uses his poetry to paint a picture of the world around us and how unjust it actually is. In my own opinion I believe this works well with discourse community.

Thought there are no recollections on Hughes take on discourse community. You can see through the analysis of his poetry. What Hughes did believe in is “counter public discourse” which is discourse within the public sphere, dominant publics exist whose discourse can subordinate other publics or exclude them from a related discourse. Counter publics are the result of discourse and/or people feeling marginalized, ignored, inadequately voiced, or silenced within the public sphere. “Counter public refers to those publics that form through mutual recognition of exclusions in wider publics, set themselves against exclusionary wider publics, and resolve to overcome these exclusions.”  What Hughes believes these exclusions are is the injustices done to African Americans. It is at the heart of his poetry. He believes in the opposite of what the current culture wants and shows the negative light it shows on a community. Hughes uses this in his poetry for the African American’s people he gives them a voice and it is very evident within his poetry. In both poems we see the pain and oppression that these individuals have endured in their lifetime and how it has shaped them into who they are now. In his poetry the African American people are excluded from life like they are not important in anyway shape or form. This draws on the notation when the characters in his poems talk about the struggles that they encounter. The counter public is very important when it comes to discourse in his poetry because this is the discourse from which his poetry is formed. It all comes from the opposition and that adds to the effect of the poem.

Though Hughes had no particular take on discourse his Essay “The Racial Mountain” explains a lot about what community he aligned himself with. The essay that he wrote was written in 1926 and it shows his disappointment for one of his fellow poets Countee Cullen. Hughes said this “One of the most promising of the young Negro poets said to me once, “I want to be a poet—not a Negro poet,” meaning, I believe, “I want to write like a white poet”; meaning subconsciously, “I would like to be a white poet”; meaning behind that, “I would like to be white.”(1) And I was sorry the young man said that, for no great poet has ever been afraid of being himself. And I doubted then that, with his desire to run away spiritually from his race, this boy would ever be a great poet.” () This is the very counter public from which Hughes poetry resides. This young poet rather be white than be black because of how they are treated. Hughes enjoys being a black poet because he comes from the counter public side. The world he partakes in and his poetry are the counter public.  Hughes also calls this The Racial Mountain. You can feel this in both the poems “Mother to Son” and “Elevator Boy” Both poems talk about that existing struggle that African Americans have to deal with on a daily basis. “But this is the mountain standing in the way of any true Negro art in America—this urge within the race toward whiteness, the desire to pour racial individuality into the mold of American standardization, and to be as little Negro and as much American as possible.” This divide hurts any young poet, tis divide is seen in both poems as well. In both poems they talk about how life isn’t easy and its universally known that because of this divide that life is ultimately harder. This is what the mother was trying to warn her son in “Mother to Son”. She tries to prepare her son for the struggles that await him. These issues transcend into the next poem and the son then talks about his life and the transitions that he encounters every day. This divide is the reason for the poetry itself.

One question that many people wonder on the matter of civic discourse and lyric address is how is it seen today? My only response to this is to just look around the world today. If you actually stop and ask yourself why is there so much anger in America today with all groups of life clashing? Its simple honestly, it is because these groups of people are related because of their specific discourse community.  “A discourse community is a group of people who share a set of discourses, understood as basic values and assumptions, and ways of communicating about those goals. Linguist John Swales defined discourse communities as “groups that have goals or purposes and use communication to achieve these goals.”(wiki) this same definition goes right along with how Hughes views the Counter public discourse.  The same problems that Langston Hughes dealt with in his time due to racism and unfair treatment are the same problems that we in America are facing today. “who but the Lord” by Hughes paints a vivid picture of America today. All in short due to the recent events that happened this summer with George Floyd death and the spring of acknowledgment of police brutality it makes Hughes poetry hold true. The African American people is the discourse for which his poetry talks about. It is also self-evident that much of his poetry express the hardships that African American people of all ages can attest to, that this world is “kinder Harder” for them. That the world today does not see them equal. As earlier you see discourse community is about how one group share a common goal or interest which puts them in a category amongst themselves. The African American community here in 2020 has been crying out. All of the injustices like police brutality and unfairness is still alive and well today just like in Hughes poetry.  The African American community feel the same way and there must be a change in order to combat the issues and needs that Langston Hughes poetry describes. This is what America is to the black man, this is his burden.

I believe again that across both poems you can see the same character through Langston Hughes poetry “Mother to Son” and “Elevator Boy” Both poems show examples of lyric address and discourse community. What both poems demonstrate is the struggles and how hard life is for African Americans. I believe this was Langston Hughes overall point when he decided to make these poems. All of his poetry is related to a specific discourse “African American people”. He wanted the African American people to be heard and felt. He was well known for making characters and idols in his poetry, I felt that in these two poems it was very prominent the message he was trying to convey. By using the effects of lyric address to address the discourse community it allows the reader to completely immerse themselves in the poetry and words that are used to articulate the poem. Langston Hughes was a pioneer of his time and avidly built the Harlem renaissance. He was one of the main influencers of this movement. Because of his poetry and what it portrayed it shows how today those problems are still being faced in society. That the same discourse community that the “Mother to Son” talked about and in “Elevator boy” is the same issues that are still prominent in today’s society. From the shooting to killing of innocents and even police brutality. The African American community is still finding out that “life aint no crystal stair” that every hardship that they face will not be in vein. It also allows them to see themselves for who they are how far they have come. It also shows them that they have to keep pushing forward to reach the desired goals of the do=discourse community. I believe that it is fairness equality for all and understanding that things must be better. In order to make the world a better place and we must first look in the mirror to make this change. This is ultimately what I got out of “Mother to Son” and “Elevator Boy” and how I have seen across both poems the same character speaking. This is also how I saw both rhetorical devices within them. This how we are able to see the communities that people are put in through poetry. And just how far one’s community can reach.

Through all of Langston Hughes pottery these two poems have led me to see a different prospective when it comes to discourse community and lyric address. Langston Hughes as a poet has forever shaped the realm of poetry for better. Through the use of his poetry and his description has forever shaped what poetry is. Think about it from this prospective discourse community is the things that we associate ourselves with and lyric address is whom the writer or speaker is talking about or where he is coming from. The way which Langston Hughes writes poetry allows for both of these two poems to flow together. This is why I see the same speaker across both poems. It feels like he is telling a story within his poetry and it is more engaging to the reader. The speaker across both poems is explaining his discourse to the audience that is reading the poetry. This allows for you to interrupt the poem anyway you choose. All in This should be more than enough evidence to prove to you that both discourse and lyric address go hand and hand with one another. I hope that after reading this that you can better understand why it is, I make this assumption. I challenge you as you look at poetry from now on to expand into a deeper thinking and understanding of the poetry that you read. Understand and see how the poet has progressed and how he uses the same voice and characters across multiple poems. How is it related? What does it mean? Why is he doing this? These are some of the questions you should ask yourself when engaging in this mindset.  Like Langston Hughes always said, “When a man starts out to build a world, he starts first with himself”.

Works Cited:

Gutenberg, Project. “Discourse Community.” Discourse Community | Project Gutenberg Self-Publishing – EBooks | Read EBooks Online, www.gutenberg.us/articles/discourse_community.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica Langston Hughes PUBLISHER Encyclopædia Britannica DATE PUBLISHED July 27, 2020 URL https://www.britannica.com/biography/Langston-Hughes ACCESS DATE November 06, 2020

Hughes, Langston, 1902-1967. The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes. New York :Knopf : Distributed by Random House, 1994.

Wikipedia contributors. “Discourse community.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 12 Oct. 2020. Web. 6 Nov. 2020.

Westover, Jeff. “Langston Hughes’s Counterpublic Discourse.” The Langston Hughes Review, vol. 24, 2010, pp. 2–19. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26434683. Accessed 6 Nov. 2020.

Bertschman, Don. “Jesse B. Simple and the Racial Mountain: A Bibliographic Essay.” The Langston Hughes Review, vol. 13, no. 2, 1995, pp. 29–44. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26434430. Accessed 2 Dec. 2020.

Literary review:

Miller, R. Baxter. The Art and Imagination of Langston Hughes, University Press of Kentucky, 1989. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vmi/detail.action?docID=1915409.

. “Baxter Miller explores Hughes’s life and art to enlarge our appreciation of his contribution to American letters. Arguing that readers often miss the complexity of Hughes’s work because of its seeming accessibility, Miller begins with a discussion of the writer’s auto-biography, an important yet hitherto neglected key to his imagination. Moving on to consider the subtle resonances of his life in the varied genres over which his imagination “wandered,” Miller finds a constant symbiotic bond between the historical and the lyrical. Hughes’s artistic vision is revealed in his depiction of Black women, his political stance, his lyric and tragi-comic modes.”

What’s interesting about Miller is that he realizes too solely on his interpretation of Hughes. Even though he looks at critiques of other authors I can’t help but wonder how he really feels. He’s emphasis and critique of how Hughes uses women in his poetry is eccentric. The role women play are huge since the beginning of time and Miller does a good job of shedding light on their role.

WATERS, WILLIAM. Poetry’s Touch: On Lyric Address. Cornell University Press, 2003. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv1nhpzg. Accessed 11 Mar. 2020.

William Walters explains what lyrical address is and how it is used in poetry. He also gives you examples of how poets use lyrical address to connect to his audience. “To WHOM does a poem speak? Do poems really communicate with those they address? Is reading poems like overhearing? Like intimate conversation? Like performing a script. In this book I pursue these questions by reading closely a selection of poems that say you to a human being, and by trying to describe the reading process as it encounters these instances of address. In the diverse poems I discuss here—poems not just addressing different categories of fictive and real persons but written in several different eras and languages—the address itself always becomes an axis of the poem’s concern.”

What is very interesting about this is that he dives deeply into what the very essence of lyrical address is. He answers your questions and leaves you wondering about just how important it is. I believe he should use other authors and examples as well to better get his point across. I believe this will help develop my essay because it is the very foundation of the question I am posing.

Langston Hughes & the Harlem Renaissance: Crash Course Literature 215

This video is a very brief overview of what the Harlem renaissance is. It explains the importance of the events and why it was had. This video also explains the poets and the different forms of literature that is acceptable towards the time. It also is a background on Hughes and his explanation is some of his autobiography. It explains his life and his important role in the Harlem renaissance.

This is important to aid me in my research because it gives me a different perspective on Hughes. It also gives the outside look on his life and what eventually influenced the poet himself to become the man that he was. John Greene also shows the difference of how Hughes is different from other poets of his time.

The Negro Speaks of Rivers BY LANGSTON HUGHES

The negro speaks of rivers is one of Langston Hughes poems. Hughes wrote this poem after graduating high school. This poem is about what the river meant to the black people of the past and the history of it. The poetry is trying to capture the emotions of the reader. This gives the poem a sense of style and is a prime example of lyrical address I believe that this will help in my essay because I can use it to show evidence in how Hughes uses lyrical addresses. The poem shows the deeper meaning of how the poet feels.

“Poems of a Religious Nature.” Langston’s Salvation: American Religion and the Bard of Harlem, by Wallace D. Best, NYU Press, New York, 2017, pp. 67–107. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1pwtb06.7. Accessed 11 Mar. 2020.

This book is especially important because it goes over some of Hughes’ work that deals with lyric addresses. It addresses him as a bard and explains in depth the significance of his poetry. It also goes in depth and interpreters Langston Hughes as a black religious figure, who understands the African American people. The author breaks down the interpretation of the struggles of negros in America following the oppression that they have faced up until now.

This aspect is crucial and relevant to my essay because of the community aspect of it. I believe that lyric address constructs community and the understanding of how this plays a part in this will help.

The gender health gap is a major issue in the world today especially in America. This subject at hand is avery pressing issue due to its pushing boundaries of humans morale beliefs religious beliefs the rights of these people as well. Did you know that on average women live longer than men do? Why is that? It’s not as simple as women play it safe more than men or that men do dumb or stupider things than women. This artifact will look at health factors that contribute to biological diseases that are associated with men and women also things like depression are factor for both sexes as well. Society has told men and women how they should feel and look and it is corrupting everyone.

Due to gender the human body reacts differently to certain things. Many doctors believe that genetics is the reason our bodies react the way they do. “Many male health risks can be traced back to behavior: In general, men engage in behaviors that lead to higher rates of injury and disease. They also tend to eat less healthful diets”. (Rush) One difference between women and men is hat women when gain weight appear to gain weight in their hips. Men tend to gain weight in their stomach. Due to men’s weight gain in there stomach it leads to vascular issues. Heart disease is more common health issue with men than women. Because of this stokes are more associated with males. Because women bodies create estrogen it protects the women body and it allows to keep the body in check (cholesterol). Parkinson’s disease is 50 percent more relevant to men than women because woman’s estrogen helps regulate the body. It’s also been found that parkinson’s disease associated with the male x chromosome. Male masculinity and the norm of “ima guy i’m tough” is the reason why men don’t get help. It common in men and socially that men when they need help say don’t worry about it i can handle it. They rarely go to the doctor they try to figure it out themselves. This could be a factor to mens increased deaths than women. Women don’t realise that taking birth control pills raise risk of hormone issues. This can lead to osteoporosis. Majority of the women in america catch this disease due to hormonal effects. Women generate this because biologically their bodies and bones are smaller and estrogen blocks those endorphins that generate bone deterioration. Other disease that women are prone to having are urinary tract diseases, multiple sclerosis and other harmful things.

Because men are seen more dominant than women and also controlling can lead t women’s mental health issues. Due to society’s roles for women it puts them in the backseat of everything. Women in america are constantly sexual harrased and persecuted by men in work spaces schools and other places. Due to this harassment and women not feeling enough leads to increase in depression and suicide. Women feel more depressed while men commit more suicides. It’s an awful paradox but men feel resentment as well.

It is self evident that men and women need to promote a healthy lifestyle in order to thrive. If both sexes change their habits and thinking this can increase health issues and diseases and such associated with both male and females in america.

Citations: https://www.rush.edu/health-wellness/discover-health/how-gender-affects-h

Sex refers to the biological differences between male and female particularly their gentalli.
Gender is known as the the typical role one perceives themselves as their identity what they associate themselves to be male female or other. Since gender deals with roles and centered around cultural expectations this means generally certain part of the world expect certain things from males and females. The implications of these roles are that males are usually providers and women are dependent on men.
The basic stereotypes consequences that we see with gender roles are that women cant sustain for family. That they are only there to take car of the children. That they aren’t smart enough to be on their own. Men typically don’t do all the cleaning. The man is the only one who can provide for his family. Women generally take care of their parents.
Binary is knowing that there is only a male and female there are only two known titles to call each. The consequences of going outside of those to cultural norms you are subjected to prejudice and scrutiny from people of the two common sexes. Third gender is category which a individual categorises themself as neither male or female. One example is ladyboys of thailand. These are men of the specific country who feel that they were not actually men. They all believe that they are in fact women in a sense. Most of them are dancers of a sort. They perform shows and are an interesting group. Most of the men have gone through sex operations completely changing their features to women body parts. A common thing for most of them is that they keep their penis hey believe its a big part of who they are as ladyboys. Another example of this are the Hijra of india. Most of the males in this groupe feel that they acquire this spiritually from the goddess shiva. They believe that you can live many years loving women and then your 11th year you can love a man. They generally follow a unique ritual the transformation of becoming women typically cutting of their genitals to show faith in their transformation.
All in all this artifact deals with what the social and cultural norms of what sex and gender are. Some of the basic definitions of what these things mean and examples of what society believes the roles of men and women are for. Some examples of the third gender and those that associate with thar realm.

After reading chapter 7 and all the other previous chapters i will say that my idea of what rhetoric is has changed. What i would change about my definition is that it is not one particular thing its a series of things that define rhetoric and it is forever changing. I would make these changes because of chapter 7 and the introduction to rhetoric during the christian age.

Why is natural justice highly argued?. Pg. 70

Why does plato contradict gorgias? Pg.72

What is the point of there argument. ( sepreate reading)

Why does plato argue this and is not contempt with what gorgais said? (nseperate reading)

Why is gorgis student gulable in the argument. (separate reading

What is the true art of rehtoric? Pg. 67

Why does socrates think rhetoric works beter informed?( chapter ) pg. 79

What is techne why is it strongley used in this chapter (entire chapter)

Hello My name is christopher owens and I plan on Interviewing Francy thompson, she is my best friend mother. She is a native of appalachian. She has spent majority of her childhood in asheville North carolina. She is in the heart of appalachia. She also graduated from appalachian state university. She has spent twenty plus years in this region and knows all about the lore and the stigma of mountain folk. I will be asking her a series of questions like. Do you identify yourself as appalachian and what part where you from and things of that nature. I believe im interested in interviewing her because she moved from her respected region and how is the cultural change different or adjusted.

What is the eristic function of language Important? PG. 33 why does herrick start this paragraph off like this

Why does western cultures use arts in form of rhetoric? PG.33

Why were sophist worshiped in Greece? PG.36

What did they bring to Greek culture why were they so influential? PG.37

Did Dikasteria influnce north american court systems today? PG37

Rhtoric is not magic at all, Gorgias`s philosophy is all fucked up? PG.45

What is Arete? PG.51

Women were not important or held in great roles in Greek and spartan culture but to teach children. PG.53

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