Christopher D. Owens
VMI
Help: Received: None
Christopher D. Owens
12/10/18
Brian Eschrich
Herrick textbook
Routledge
Dear Brian Eschrich,
I am writing you today express my concern and feelings on a recent text book contribution that you have edited. “The history and theory of rhetoric” by James A. Herrick, I have read very extensively the past couple months and I myself am very far fetched on the idealisms and ideologies that your scholars at Routledge all are so keen on. I believe that this book is in most cases correct about the history and rhetoric that has come about since the begging of time. More importantly I love how you all incorporated the philosophies of Aristotle and Plato an even a group like the sophist. You also highlighted how Greek culture and the romans have made use of rhetoric, with that being said I would like to encourage you to broaden your spectrum on rhetoric and incorporate in a seventh edition of Herricks book to add Norsemen and their culture as a form of rhetoric. I believe in many cases that Norse rhetoric much like Greek and roman rhetoric are everywhere in today’s growing and rapidly developing society.
Norse also known as the Vikings have been known to live in one of the most important time periods since the creation of the world. The medieval ages one of the most cultivated periods in all of history, due to the effects to the bubonic plague or referred to as the black death this was an important time leading up the renaissance. Ryan Goodrich article on facts and myths about the Norse are true. “the motives and culture of the Viking people are much more diverse. These raiders also facilitated many changes throughout the lands from economics to warfare” (Goodrich) Goodrich implies that these seafaring people due to their innate nature have traveled all over Europe and spread their rhetoric. The term Viking which is a word for pirate was used as a verb by the Scandinavian people for when the men traditionally go a Viking. While many would believe these expeditions entailed the raiding of monasteries and cities along the coast, many expeditions were with the goal of trade and enlisting as foreign mercenaries.
The height of the Viking culture came from their craftsmanship, the Vikings were known for their beautiful weaponry and artworks such as the ship. “Honed for more than 10 centuries, the ship-building skills of the Norse led to a variety of vessels, from small fishing boats and big-bellied cargo vessels to the famous lightning-fast long ships used for raiding.” (Goodrich) But no matter the size most of the ships were designed to be narrow in shape with drafts. “Viking ships exclusively used steering oars. Smaller boats, for example punts on English waterways, still use a basic version of the steering oar.” (Bergmen) Another instrument created that is still in use today is the oar.
Another thing that can be said about the Norse rhetoric is their use of mythologies The Norse myths are used and cherished today. Norse mythology has shaped culture today as a prime example the days of the week. “There is a special and a unique reason behind a particular name, if you observe it in detail like Thursday from Thor’s day and Friday from Freya’s day.” (Amanda) Even literatures have been seen to incorporate ideas of mythology. “Names and characters from Norse mythology can be frequently seen in modern literature and fiction. J.R.R. Tolkein, who wrote famous books like The Lord of the Rings, The Hobbit and The Silmarillion is called as one of the fathers of modern fantasy literature.” (Amanda) Even marvel has taken the use of using Norse gods such as Thor and giving a twist. As you see Norse mythology is incorporated throughout the world today.
Most importantly if not for the Norse we wouldn’t have use of certain words in the English dictionary. Old Norse which is the language of the Scandinavian people, after the Norse ransacked towns and homelands they got in cultivated with the people. Old Norse and old English began to mix. “This process is evident in place names such as Grimsby, Thornby and Derby (the suffix -by was the Scandinavian word for “homestead” or “village”), or Lothwaite (-thwaite meaning “meadow” or “piece of land”). “Give,” “window” and “dream.” (Pruitt) among other common English words, also derived their modern meanings from Viking influence. Another famous example, the word “berserk” comes from the Old Norse berserker, meaning “bear shirt” or “bearskin.” (Pruitt) Sagas were also an important contribution which were written in the times of the Norse which convey they later today are known as soap operas. These saga- a long historic achievement, Highlight the achievements of some of the Norse notable people. They even use tall tales or folklore and even epics. Beowulf is one of those important works. Its an epic about a mighty warrior who travels to aid a friend and slays a monster known as Grendel. Grendel mother then attacks to and he slays her as well, the original story is told this way. Beowulf is dated to be the oldest surviving long story (saga) in old English. Its also one of the most important works of old Norse literature.
I truly believe that you should thing about republishing a seventh edition I have gave you more than enough information to explain to you why the Norse should be included in Herricks next edition. The Norse have contributed so much of their rhetoric and it still living and breathing today. Without them I think it would be crucial to say that most of today’s mythologies and everyday things such as the days of the week would cease to exist. I hope that you and your colleagues give this a serious thought and thank you for reading this and taking it into consideration good afternoon.
Sincerely,
Christopher Devonne Owens
VMI English Scholar

Work Cited
HOW NORSE MYTHOLOGY SHAPED THE MODERN CULTURE
Pitt Amanda
http://www.fogs.com/articles/how-norse-mythology-shaped-the-modern-culture-1492
Viking History: Facts & Myths
By Ryan Goodrich, LiveScience Contributor | August 28, 2018 09:53pm
https://www.livescience.com/32087-viking-history-facts-myths.html
10 Top innovations in the history of sailing
B Jamey Bergmen 09.03.2017

10 Top innovations in the history of sailing

This chapter in “A History and Theory of Rhetoric” will be about the medieval ages. Particularly Norse culture. For years the medieval ages have been deemed as one of the most important time periods around the creation and evolution of the world and its civilization. This time period ranges from late 8th century to as late as the early 11th century. Most of this period pertains to Scandinavian people and Germanic people. Which fit the term as today’s modern term as Vikings? The Viking age has been a ton of rape and pillage and a lot of turmoil for other civilizations. But what is interesting about this culture is there rhetoric from their arts and architecture to writing styles and other elaborate means the Vikings referred to as Norsemen have a unique culture. Even their tradition of stories and mythologies. There war tactics were even vast and widely successful in battle. This chapter aims to broadly inform the reader of the history and cultural grounding of the Nordic culture by looking at its history, Its mythologies, and the knowledge and ways of the “Viking” I hope this chapter provides the reader with a greater understanding of these peoples and their unique culture and how their rhetoric affected them in their respected everyday lives.

Viking What is it?

‘Viking’ “is a term for the people who came from Scandinavia, what is now Norway, Denmark and Sweden, between the eighth and 11th centuries” (dictionary.com), more properly known as the Norse, or Norsemen. “They have long had a notorious reputation as the raiders and pirates of the medieval world and certainly it is not unjustified” (whoarevikings.com) their raids were fearsome and long-running. However, they were also explorers and skilled seafarers, managing to spread across Europe and east into Asia, south to northern Africa and as far west as Newfoundland. They established trade routes across the known world and settled in regions such as northern Britain, Ireland and among the Franks, forming the Kievan Rūs kingdom on the River Volga.

The origins of the name ‘Viking’ are uncertain. It may derive from the Old Norse word vík, ‘creek, inlet, bay’, meaning the Vikings were those who came from, or inhabited, the edges of the land and sea. Equally, it might be an Anglo-Frisian name, from the “Old English” referring to the temporary settlements they built during their raids.

They spoke Old Norse, a language which had a striking influence on English thanks to their settlement in the north of England (it has given us ‘slaughter’, ‘to birth’, ‘cake’ and ‘happy’, among countless other words). Early records of their writing can be found in runic inscriptions, which are often quite mundane, carved into objects and as graffiti But, the main source for their culture, beyond what is written by the peoples they encountered, is the sagas, which were written in 13th-century Iceland. These are the stories of their history – a romanticized mix of truth and legend.

Language

“Old Norse was a North Germanic language once spoken in Scandinavia, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, and in parts of Russia, France and the British Isles and Ireland.”(https://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldnorse.htm)  It was the language of the Vikings or Norsemen. The modern language most closely related to Old Norse is Icelandic, the written form of which has changed little over the years, while the spoken form has undergone significant changes. The earliest known inscriptions in Scandinavia date from the 2nd century AD and were written in Runes mainly on stone, or on personal artifacts such as brooches and swords. The majority of these inscription have been found in Denmark and Sweden, and they are written in a language much more archaic than Old Norse. Most Old Norse literature was written in Iceland and includes the Edda’s, poems about gods and mythic origins, or the heroes of an earlier age; Skaldic poetry, which was concerned with extolling the virtues and telling tales of the notable exploits of kings and other patrons; and the Sagas, stories of historical figures or groups intended as entertainment.

(http://galnet.wikia.com/wiki/Runes)

Major battle in history

The battle of Eddington (6–12 May 878)

The arrival of a Danish “great army” in East Anglia in 865 marked the start of a new phase of Viking attacks on Britain. Previously, the Vikings had come to raid and settle around the coast; this force came to conquer. Only the victory of Alfred the Great at Edington saved Anglo-Saxon independence. After the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and North Umbria had been conquered by the Danish army, Wessex in southern England held out against the invaders. Alfred came to the throne after his brother, King Aethelred I, was killed fighting the Danes in 871. The new king benefited from a lull in the onslaught until 876, when Danish attacks resumed in earnest. Reinvading Wessex, they captured Wareham and, in 877, occupied Exeter. Alfred succeeded in forcing the Danes to withdraw to Murcia, but the reprieve was brief. In January 878, under their leader Guthrum, the Danes struck back with a surprise attack against Alfred at his winter fortress at Chippenham. The battle raged own until Alfred in in his words “overthrew the pagans with great slaughter, and smiting the fugitives, he pursued them as far as the fortress.” His victory was decisive, forcing Guthrum to withdraw from Wessex and agree to the division of England. Alfred’s Wessex controlled the south and west, Viking Danelaw the north and east.

Mythology

The Vikings also believed in their own folklore which they accounted for. Just like many other civilizations the Vikings worshiped gods and goddesses which aimed to help them in their everyday life. Norse mythology derived from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia and into the Scandinavian folklore of the modern period. The Vikings believed in and cherished the deities. Odin just like Greek mythology is the leader of all other gods. He inhabits what they call Asgaard. Just like the Greeks the Vikings had a place called heaven and hell temporarily referred to as Asgard and Helium Muspelheim is considered the realm of the giants and the realm of fire. Odin has a wife named freye and two sons named Thor and Loki. Loki is considered to be the god of mischief and deception, while Thor is considered to be the god of heroism and war. These gods are to be considered the creators of the world and invoked and are among the people they are believed to be reason for why things good and bad happen in the world. https://norse-mythology.org/tales/norse-creation-myth/

Architecture

Oseberg Ship: This detail from the Oseberg ship demonstrates the elaborate wood carving designs used as ornamentation on the bow and front of the ship. (https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-arthistory/chapter/the-vikings/)

Viking architecture is unique. Many people knew the Norsemen by their unique clan crest and beautifully illustrated weaponry and boats and homes. One of their most prized achievements is that of the burial of the dead. It is typical in Nordic culture to put a casket in the water with earthly good like gold and things that person cherished and to be set a fire and watched. There are two customs believed of death cremation and andhumation “The act or process of burying the dead.” (dictionary.com) Even tier homes and churches were different. Typically, churches were called staves. There were said to be Christian churches after the Christianization of Scandinavia. “The roofs were often multi-layered, and they usually had a tower or spire in the middle of the highest layer of the roof. They were built of wood and had stone walls around the base.” (wikipedia.com)

Vikings will forever be for their wonderful works of art such as these. These examples of architecture show just how beautiful Vikings work was, though they raped and pillaged many one could argue they possessed such civic virtue.

End of discussion

I hope this chapter in the textbooks serves as a vital point for you and your research throughout the book. The Vikings also known as Nordic culture were part of a very pivotal point in history. Around this time the black death soon came to ravish the region of Germany and western civilizations. Through the rape and pillage of villages and various diseases like the Mongols many people are descendants of Germanic tribes. The Vikings were known far and wide for their many contributions to the world such as there architecture. Folklore and inhumane way of life. Vikings were a savage group of people who took what they want when they wanted. Ultimately, they are one of the most feared civilizations that have ever scorned the earth and they’re cunningness and swiftness in battle proved so “all hail valhalla!”

Questions for Review

1. What is the important battle in Viking History?
2. What are the two methods of burial in Norse culture?
3. Why is Viking art so popular?
4. Were the Vikings Germanic peoples or Irish peoples?
5. Who was the Most important god in Norse mythology?

Terms

• Odin- God of gods
• Staves- Church after the conversion of Christianism in Scandinavia
• Old Norse- the language used of the Norsemen

References

whoarevikings.com

Dictionary.com

https://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldnorse.htm

https://www.omniglot.com/writing/oldnorse.htm

1. Rhetoric has expanded and become vast since the collapse of ancient and roman empire. Rhetoric has taken on many other forms. Augustine’s de doctrina is an example. Christianity influenced Nordic culture by the mid 11th century it made its way into Denmark and then late 11 century into Sweden. This change i see the Norse culture ultimately changing to become more civilized.

Annotated Bibliography

Clunies Ross, Margaret, ed., The Old Norse Poetic Translations of Thomas Percy ( Making the Middle Ages 4), Turnhout, Brepols, 2001; hardback; pp. xiii, 290; RRP €55; ISBN 2503510779.

Thomas Percy book of the old Norse poetic translations is astonishing. The author is a well-known scholar around the globe as a man of language. He used Latin to decode Nordic culture. This article supports the overlying point of this paper because it shows how important poetry was to this culture’s rhetoric and the formation of storytelling by oral of mouth was sacred to Nordic cultures. Just like the passing of the stories of the god’s editors this source will be important in providing more information into Norse culture
Gaiman, Neil. Norse Mythology. First edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2017.

Neil Gaiman’s Norse mythology is an outstanding read. He is an award-winning author who wrote many books. His book Norse mythology talks about the lands of the Norse gods and how Nephilim is a land bound of fog. And Alfheim is the land of light, and Helheim is the land of the dead. Similar to Christian cultures the Norse mythology entails a heaven and a hell. And a set of rules you must follow to reach the desired haven known as Valhalla. His book starts off like the Christian bible in the book of genesis saying in the beginning there was nothing. And the world will end due to Ragnarök a battle which has already happened but is destined to come about again. Neil Gaiman is a credible source because he is a famous historian and expert on Norse mythology. I can use this source to strengthen my argument and exemplifies just how big Norse mythology was in the Nordic culture.

Looijenga, Tineke. 2003. Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions. p. 87.
Flowers, Stephen E. 1986. Runes and Magic: Magical Formulaic Elements in the Older Runic Tradition. p. 71-73.

Looijenga article about runic in Nordic culture is unique. The article touches the vast array of Nordic art and how runes were made to tell stories. Runes where rocks that have been drawn on or carved to tell something. Generally, in Nordic culture runes were used by the different Germanic tribes to show whose territory and rune it is. The god of gods Odin later sacrificed himself to understand the sacred meaning and power that the runes could give you. Rune work is a formidable art and also a means of literacy. It is a form of writing that is cherished by Nordic culture. I believe this author is credible because she gives examples of what one of the runes actually say. There is arithmetic to the madness. She is experienced in writing traditions and alphabet of western cultures.

Sorabella, Jean. “The Vikings (780–1100).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vikg/hd_vikg.htm (October 2002)

The success of the Vikings depended on their skills as seamen and the excellence of their wooden ships. The seagoing craft recovered from a ninth-century burial at Gokstad in Norway demonstrates the ingenuity and the effectiveness of Viking ship design: fast, light, maneuverable, and flexible, it could be simply beached and quickly launched, rowed by oarsmen or sailed in any wind. “In 1893, an exact replica of the ship was sailed from Norway to Newfoundland in just 28 days. Scandinavian sagas record voyages of similar length. In the ninth century, Norwegian adventurers sailed to settle in Iceland and Ireland, Danish arrivals claimed territory in France and Britain, and Swedish Vikings established themselves in the river valleys of Russia.” This article by Sorabella, Jean depicts how cunning and marvelous Nordic art and designs where. Vikings were believed to be skilled in woodwork and metalwork and admired for their works. They were even distinguished craftsmen of their time, even though other civilizations to believe them ruthless and savage. She is credible because she is a art historian who is experienced in many cultures and has a degree in Nordic traditions. The source will help me in my next piece about more Norse culture

Wanner, Kevin J. “Cunning Intelligence in Norse Myth: Loki, Óðinn, and the Limits of Sovereignty.” History of Religions, vol. 48, no. 3, 2009, pp. 211–246. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/598231.

Norse mythology is the body of myths of north Germanic people stemming from Norse paganism and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia and the folklore of it.

Warner K.J article on the intelligence in Norse mythology is exponential. He first introduces Loki an Aesir god from the Asier tribe in Scandinavian culture. What warren is trying to convey is that Nordic mythology is cunning they were several factions in the mythology the Vanir the Asier and Jottun. He argues that each use “metis” which another word for cunning in Nordic culture is. He references the Nordic culture to that of Greek and how they both are similar. This author is credible I believe because he states why Loki is cunning. “Although we have not yet considered any narratives about him yet it is clear that the description of Loki that he embodies many of the qualities under the heading of metis.” This source is useful because it highlights how important and big Nordic culture was.

Viking History: Facts & Myths
By Ryan Goodrich, LiveScience Contributor | August 28, 2018 09:53pm ET

Ryan Goodrich article states that Many historians commonly associate the term “Viking” to the Scandinavian term Viking, a word for “pirate.” However, the term is meant to reference oversea expeditions, and was used as a verb by the Scandinavian people for when the men traditionally took time out of their summers to go “a Viking.” While many would believe these expeditions entailed the raiding of monasteries and cities along the coast, many expeditions were actually with the goal of trade and enlisting as foreign mercenaries. The author argues that these attacks derive from Christians persecuting pagans. The Vikings were a nomadic culture that supported pagan rituals.

http://norse-mythology.net/viking-social-classes/

The Viking society was divided into a hierarchy of four social classes. At the bottom were the slaves, above the slaves where the Karl’s, in the middle where the Jarls, and at the top where the royals, such as the Kings and Queens. You were not stuck your whole life if you were born into one of these social classes. It was possible to move up and down the social latter, depending on your luck and your choices in life. The author of this article is unknown so the credibility may not be there but he touché basses how Nordic culture political and social structure works. It was possible to make it out of each social; class depending on your deeds and how you lived your life.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/04/thor-odin-norse-gods-guide-iceland-temple-vikings-deities

Marcus Sedgwick the author of this article is not credible not too much is listed about him. His article does strengthen my argument. He shows how important the gods were the Germanic tribes named the days of the week after them. Nordic culture tells how the world will end simply just like the bible. Though it’s not Christendom its pagan and unorthodox rituatuals are what make it so widely breathtaking its an opinionated article and just does not provide enough facts on the matter at hand there al

Annotated Bibliography

Wanner, Kevin J. “Cunning Intelligence in Norse Myth: Loki, Óðinn, and the Limits of Sovereignty.” History of Religions, vol. 48, no. 3, 2009, pp. 211–246. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/598231.

Norse mythology is the body of myths of north germanic people stemming from norse paganism and continuing after the christianization of scandinavia and the folklore of it.

Warner K.J article on the intelligence in norse mythology is exponential. He first introduces loki an aesir god from the asier tribe in scandinavian culture. What warren is trying to convey is that nordic mythology is cunning they were several factions in the mythology the vanir the asier and jottun. He argues that each use “metis” which is another word for cunning in nordic culture. He references the nordic culture to that of greek and how they both are similar. This author is credible i believe because he states why loki is cunning. “Although we have not yet considered any narratives about him yet it is clear that the description of loki that he embodies many of the qualities under the heading of metis.” This source is useful because it highlights how important and big nordic culture was.

Gaiman, Neil. Norse Mythology. First edition. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2017.

Neil gaiman’s  Norse mythology is an outstanding read. He is an award winning author who wrote many books. His book norse mythology talks about the lands of the norse gods and how nephilim is a land bound of fog. And alfheim is the land of light , and helheim is the land of the dead. Similar to christian cultures the norse mythology entails a heaven and a hell. And a set of rules you must follow to reach the desired haven known as valhalla. His book starts off like the christian bible in the book of genesis saying in the beginning there was nothing. And the world will end due to ragnarok a battle which has already happened but is destined to come about again. Neil gaiman is a credible source because he is a famous historian and expert on norse mythology. I can use this source to strengthen my argument and exemplifies just how big norse mythology was in the nordic culture.

Sorabella, Jean. “The Vikings (780–1100).” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/vikg/hd_vikg.htm (October 2002)

The success of the Vikings depended on their skills as seamen and the excellence of their wooden ships. The seagoing craft recovered from a ninth-century burial at Gokstad in Norway demonstrates the ingenuity and the effectiveness of Viking ship design: fast, light, maneuverable, and flexible, it could be simply beached and quickly launched, rowed by oarsmen or sailed in any wind. “In 1893, an exact replica of the ship was sailed from Norway to Newfoundland in just 28 days. Scandinavian sagas record voyages of similar length. In the ninth century, Norwegian adventurers sailed to settle in Iceland and Ireland, Danish arrivals claimed territory in France and Britain, and Swedish Vikings established themselves in the river valleys of Russia.” This article by Sorabella, Jean depicts how cunning and marvelous nordic art and designs where. Vikings were believed to be skilled in woodwork and metalwork and admired for their works. They were even distinguished craftsmen of their time,even though other civilizations to believe them ruthless and savage. She is credible because she is a art historian who is experienced in many cultures and has a degree in nordic traditions.
Looijenga, Tineke. 2003. Texts & Contexts of the Oldest Runic Inscriptions. p. 87.
Flowers, Stephen E. 1986. Runes and Magic: Magical Formulaic Elements in the Older Runic Tradition. p. 71-73.

Looijenga article about runics in nordic culture is unique. The article touches the vast array of nordic art and how runes were made to tell stories. Runes where rocks that have been drawn on or carved to tell something. Generally in nordic culture runes were used by the different germanic tribes to show whos territory and rune it is. The god of gods odin later sacrificed himself to understand the sacred meaning and power that the runes could give you. Rune work is a formidable art and also a means of literacy. It is a form of writing that is cherished by nordic culture. I believe this author is credible because she gives examples of what one of the runes actually say. There is arithmetic to the madness. She is experienced in writing traditions and alphabet of western cultures.

Clunies Ross, Margaret, ed., The Old Norse Poetic Translations of Thomas Percy ( Making the Middle Ages 4), Turnhout, Brepols, 2001; hardback; pp. xiii, 290; RRP €55; ISBN 2503510779.

Thomas percy book of the old norse poetic translations is astonishing. The author is a well known scholar around the globe as a man of language. He used latin to decode nordic culture. This article supports the overlying point of this paper because it shows how important poetry was to this cultures rhetoric and the formation of storytelling by oral of mouth was sacred to nordic cultures. Just like the passing of the stories of the gods lEditors

Viking History: Facts & Myths
By Ryan Goodrich, LiveScience Contributor | August 28, 2018 09:53pm ET

Ryan Goodrich article states that Many historians commonly associate the term “Viking” to the Scandinavian term vikingr, a word for “pirate.” However, the term is meant to reference oversea expeditions, and was used as a verb by the Scandinavian people for when the men traditionally took time out of their summers to go “a Viking.” While many would believe these expeditions entailed the raiding of monasteries and cities along the coast, many expeditions were actually with the goal of trade and enlisting as foreign mercenaries. The author argues that these attacks derrive from christinas perscuting pagans. The vikings were a nomadic culture that supposrted pagen rituatals.

http://norse-mythology.net/viking-social-classes/

The Viking society was divided into a hierarchy of four social classes. At the bottom were the slaves, above the slaves where the Karls, in the middle where the Jarls, and at the top where the royals, such as the Kings and Queens. You were not stuck your whole life if you were born into one of these social classes. It was possible to move up and down the social latter, depending on your luck and your choices in life. The author of this article is unknown so the credibility may not be there but he touche basses how nordic culture political and social structure works. It was possible to make it out of each social; class depending on your deeds and how you lived your life.

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/feb/04/thor-odin-norse-gods-guide-iceland-temple-vikings-deities

Marcus Sedgwick the author of this article is not credible not to much is listed about him. His article does strengthen my argument. He shows how important the gods were the germanic tribes named the days of the week after them. Nordic culture tells how the world will end simply just like the bible. Though its not christendom its pagen and unorthdox rituatuals are what make it so widely breathtaking

Why do you think there would negative actions towards rhetoric? PG.1 Why would people feel like that.

Its rare to see high percentage of the public opinion of rhetoric is negative. PG.2

Can rhetoric be symbolic and why is it symbolic? PG.7

The symbolism of rhetoric is spread out. Rhetoric can be in anything  and almost everything PG.7

Rhetoric typically gains favor of the audience its projecting PG.11

Does the audience have control over the writers motive or do they potentially influence him? PG.11

What was the different methods and the model of thinking of rhetoric during Aristotle times PG.17

What rhetoric did Dr king use during his civil rights movement? PG.23

what specific things are used to spread rhetoric? PG.31