AFK

AFK

Technology has become omnipresent in the lives of modern Americans. I’ve never viewed it as problematic, inconvenient, or anything other than a reality of the time we live in. In fact, by all accounts, I would consider the all-encompassing presence of technology to be one of the major contributors to making my life much more manageable. Keeping track of important notes, remembering events, storage of contacts, instantaneous information, effortless communication, travel routes, tracking exercise, and more entertainment than I could hope for. It’s all right in front of me at any given point in my day because of the advancement of technology. I’ve become so accustomed to it that I can hardly imagine going through a normal day without my phone or laptop. Yet, that’s exactly what I was asked to do for my Digital Rhetorics course this autumn. The challenge was issued.

“We’re going to go for twenty-four hours without using any form of digital technology. Take stock of every digital device you currently use in your day-to-day life, turn them off for a day, and record any of your findings in your process notes. Make sure you prepare yourself for it and good luck.”

My initial reactions were laced with skepticism and annoyance. I had a lot of work to complete that week and midterms were inching closer and closer. I’m a computer science major, how am I supposed to avoid technology when it’s my whole reason for pursuing a degree at this school? Additionally, I didn’t see how we could even consider this a “challenge” given where the class was taking place. We go to the Virginia Military Institute. Twenty-four hours without access to a phone or laptop should be effortless for students here. During our first six months at the Institute, our technology is limited to a near-ascetic level. Until the spring semester, the only real technology we’re allowed to access is our laptop for the sole purposes of homework and seeing emails. Everything else is taken away. Being a military school, we also have regular field training exercises where we go for upwards of four days without using our phones because we’re doing branch-specific training exercises in the wilderness of Virginia. Going through the initial six months at this school coupled with my exposure to these multiple FTX experiences should have made this “challenge” a joke. But rather than dwell on how much it would inconvenience my work or inhibit my daily communication with friends, I decided to embrace the process for a day and see what I could derive from it.

Going into this project, I tried my best to pick a twenty-four hour period that would be least impactful toward my academic and social life. The weekend was automatically out of the question. I had too many social obligations pre-planned with a friend at the University of Virginia to make it work. Even though I probably could have made a more concerted effort with her to plan for an unplugged weekend, I determined that it was too much of an inconvenience for those days. I wanted my day of being unplugged to be as least impactful as possible to the lives of those around me and that simply wasn’t going to happen if I had to tell my friend that I couldn’t watch movies, listen to music, or use my phone at all when we were together. Instead, I opted for a weekday at VMI and began to think through how I would do it. Not much went into prepping for my day as it got closer. I didn’t designate anyone to watch my phone or emails for important messages, I didn’t have work that could necessarily be printed and completed, and I wasn’t privy to a million devices that I had to disconnect from. The night prior, I quickly jotted down a few assignments that I could complete by hand to keep me busy after classes, wrote out my daily powerlifting workout on a sheet of notebook paper, and turned off my phone. I got into my bed and did my best to fall asleep without my normal ritualistic routine of checking text messages, watching snaps, and flooding my mind with other miscellaneous, last-minute information. My rationale was that I could officially begin my unplugged day right before I went to sleep for the night. After getting a full night’s rest, I would already have eight of my twenty-four hours completed. So that’s what I did. I slept through eight hours of the night, woke up at 0645 the next morning, and prepared to face the final sixteen.

I was woken up the following morning. An alarm wasn’t necessary because our rats regularly come into the room around this time to clean and loudly move racks. Normally I would be woken up a few minutes prior by the alarm I set on my phone. This change was different but not excessively jarring or unpleasant. I quickly got into my uniform and walked to the morning formation. Up to this point, nothing about my day was incredibly out of the ordinary. I rarely check my digital devices before 0700. The first notable difference came when I got back to my room after the formation. I’d opted to wait until 0730 to walk down to breakfast rather than march down with my company. This left about twenty minutes of dead time between my return to my room and my breakfast. On an ordinary day, this time would be filled by checking news, social media apps, text messages, and other various activities related to my phone. Instead, it was filled more by an overwhelming sense of not knowing what to do with my time. I took the twenty minutes to organize my room, clean up, and begin to prepare myself for the day of school that lay ahead. I grabbed a notebook and walked down to Crozet Hall to have breakfast before classes began.

Repeating the standard VMI breakfast experience I have had for nearly four years now, I filled my plate with runny powdered eggs, a few strips of greasy bacon, and two slightly burnt pancakes which I topped with peanut butter. I grabbed three glasses of milk for extra protein and calories and then walked to a table to sit alone. Not having a phone to look at while I was eating made the experience drag on for much longer than I would normally be comfortable with. I’m a fast eater and would normally use any extra time before my classes to look at my phone. Instead I was forced to slow down and focus more on just getting through the questionably prepared breakfast items in front of me. By the time I had finished the plate, there were still roughly 15 minutes left before class and I had no desire to sit and stare at a wall for that time period. Nobody that I would normally sit with was left in the mess hall so I couldn’t even fill the time with a meaningful conversation. My immediate solution was to get up, grab some extra food, and continue to eat until I left to go to my first class of the day.

The day of my challenge, I had classes all morning. This occupied my time from 0800 to 1105. On one hand, this kept me busy enough to avoid reaching boredom or feeling as though I wasn’t being productive with my time. In fact, being forced to avoid digital technology likely enhanced my focus in certain morning classes. Admittedly, there are some classes I have throughout the day where I would much rather be looking at my phone or computer screen than focusing on the lecture being provided by the instructor. My ten o’clock course in Advanced Database Management is what immediately comes to mind when making this statement. Before taking the unplugged challenge, I would be hard pressed to think of a single day in this class where I had devoted my full attention to the PowerPoint slides and lecture notes being administered by my familiar teacher of nearly three years. Leaving my phone behind and exercising the self-control to not log into my school network account changed all of this. By 1105, I had given my full attention to the lecture and gotten much more out of it than I normally would. This change is what stuck with me most following the challenge. Above all else, it brought me to the realization that my attentiveness to my digital life can have negative effects on my academics if I let it control my actions in the classroom.

The rest of my day was mundane, boring, and bordered on frustrating. I had lunch and two afternoon classes left before I was free of my obligations to the Institute that day. Lunch was unremarkable, save for the fact that everyone I was sitting with was able to check their social media while I was left to simply talk about recent or trending events. My one o’clock class without my digital amenities had many of the same difficulties and benefits that I experienced from 0800 to 1105 – no social media, no communication outside of the room I was in, no habitual checking of emails, but a higher (albeit somewhat forced) state of attentiveness to the class material. The same can be said for my final class of the day at 1500. But between these classes, from 1400 to 1450, I hit my first block of time where I wasn’t entirely sure what to do without technology. With only an hour at my disposal before the three o’clock class, I sat in my room and just wondered what to do to fill the time. There wasn’t enough time to exercise, I wasn’t hungry enough to walk down and eat food at Crozet, and I felt like my assignments weren’t suited to be done in this relatively small block of time. After about ten minutes of sitting and thinking of what I could do, I decided to break down a larger assignment into more manageable chunks and begin working on one of them so that I could at least feel somewhat productive during the remaining forty minutes. I got a decent amount of work done in that time frame with an absence of distractions around me. This definitely saved me time doing work later that night and represented an overall improvement in my time management for the day. Feeling satisfied with what I had finished, I went to the final class and sat through it to complete my daily academics.

Prior to this point, the lack of digital technology was a minor annoyance. After I completed my classes and found myself faced with about six more hours without it, the challenge became much harder. Before going into this, I thought that my ratline and Army FTX experience had prepared me well for a day without my phone and laptop. Before 1600 that same day, I believed that I could easily manage for the remainder of the challenge. What I quickly realized was that I hadn’t accounted for the fact that I had other activities (training, ratline activities, classes, etc.) keeping me busy throughout every period where I had thought the challenge was easy. I’d never been completely faced with a normal, uneventful day without these resources. It forced me more than ever to make up tasks to occupy my time. These final six hours of the challenge were the most difficult.

I made up several tasks for myself to complete in order to avoid total boredom and frustration. I had written out my normal daily powerlifting workout on a sheet of paper the day prior since I wouldn’t have my phone available. I took advantage of that and walked down to the gym to exercise. I found it more difficult to focus since I couldn’t listen to music but I got through my workout nonetheless. Two hours down. After showering and changing clothes, my roommates and I walked down to dinner and enjoyed another gourmet dining experience in Crozet Hall. One more hour down. By the time we had finished, it was time to go to our evening formation. Twenty minutes later, I had less than three hours of this challenge left and I was ready for it to end. I filled the remainder of my time with handwriting some textbook assignments for my classes and struggling to give my focus to reviewing some study material for an upcoming test. Once my challenge came to an end, I found myself again fully involved in my digital technology. Not for the simple purpose of wanting new information every time I checked my phone, but I had missed communicating with friends outside of my school, being able to listen to music while I worked, being efficient with my homework, and having daily resources be easily accessible.

Later in my Digital Rhetorics course after completing the challenge, we discussed the experience of Baratunde Thurston who went through a twenty-five day stint where he limited his technology usage. In describing “The Great Disconnect”, Thurston outlines several moments of introspective thinking and clarity that were inspired by his determination to live a new unplugged life. After my twenty-four hours of the challenge, I couldn’t relate. There was no magical moment of self-realization or great epiphany. I saw some marginal improvements in my classroom focus and small bits of time management. However I was largely just annoyed by the lack of options for entertainment, workflow management, and communication. I don’t think these are aspects of my life that I would be willing to sacrifice for the insights that Thurston praised. This could be consequential of the differences between living in Lexingon, VA and New York City, NY. It could just be that Thurston was able to commit more time to a fuller, richer experience. However after twenty-four hours, I believe that I can safely say the #UNPLUG challenge was something that I would not regularly practice at my current place in life.

Indigenously Digital

Marshall_Inital Draft_DigitalLiteracyNarrative-24xh1ns

Nick Marshall

Dr. Julie Phillips Brown

ERH-221W-01

23 September 2017

Digital Literacy Narrative: Indigenously Digital

            Being born in a decade where digital technology was becoming increasingly pervasive and present in the lives of Americans, tracing the beginning of my digital literacy back to a single standout moment can be difficult. For me, the process of becoming digitally literate consisted of many experiences spread across several developmental years. Outside of my very earliest memories as an infant, there are almost no points in my life that were not a part of developing my digital literacy.

I think that my early development of digital literacy was due largely to my parents’ acceptance of new technologies in the household. While I would not describe my parents as early adopters of new technologies, they always had up-to-date technological resources that I could learn from as a child. My mother pushed me at an early age to learn from digital resources. She actively purchased educational games on CDs that I could use on our computer. Using these games, I quickly got accustomed to operating our computer with a CRT monitor on a dial-up connection. I think this was critical in laying some foundational skills that still carry over to my present digital literacy. The games introduced me to a keyboard, mouse, and basic computer functions in a gamified setting.

As I moved through elementary school, many classes also began teaching using computers and gamification. English courses in particular utilized computer programs to develop literacy, spelling, and keyboarding skills. Over time, more refined software began to be introduced in the classroom to promote students’ digital literacy. Microsoft Office products became more commonplace in the classroom. I especially remember that in 6th grade, our teachers began to assign projects based primarily around these Office products. PowerPoints, documents typed in a word processor, and occasionally even Excel spreadsheets became the new norm for my educational experience. For the first time in my schooling career, a threshold of digital literacy was somewhat of an expectation and requirement.

I believe that middle school marked a pivotal point in my evolving digital literacy because of how pervasive technology became in the classroom. Technology specific classes were also emphasized to introduce students to information sciences at a young age. The class that I most specifically remember for opening new doors in my digital literacy was mandatory keyboarding class. Aside from converting my “hunt and peck” keyboarding skills to the proper “touch typing” method, I believe this class began to inspire curiosity which would eventually translate to my pursuit of technology as a career field later in life. Not only because I enjoyed these new technology-based classes but also because I excelled at them. Especially the previously mentioned keyboarding courses. Becoming a more proficient typist opened several paths that I may have missed, had I not put the time and effort in. I was expanding my digital skills, completing assignments in more efficient ways, and being introduced to new forms of problem solving. Middle school took up several hours of my day – a minimum of seven to be exact. Over the course of those three years, this additional exposure to computers and information sciences outside of my home environment, no matter how limited, most likely served to build a strong base for my understanding of the digital world.

Middle school also served as an introductory period to a less technical aspect of my digital literacy. A distinct memory that I have of 6th grade is talking to a friend in our home room period and being asked if I had visited an up-and-coming video website called YouTube. I feel like this is a noteworthy point in developing my digital literacy not only because of the personal significance it holds, but also the cultural significance. Around this age, myself and many others in my generation began to become involved in the growing world of social media and a multimedia, culturally integrated internet. With previous generations, a kid in middle school might have been teased or picked on for spending excessive amounts of time on a computer. With my generation, the opposite was true. Anyone who didn’t have some sort of digital identity was suddenly the outsider in the group. This period marked an important, permanent cultural shift that’s only grown more prevalent as time has passed and new mainstream technologies have been produced.

MySpace was one of the first social media platform that myself and my peers became familiarized with. Unlike many of my generational peers however, I largely avoided becoming involved in most social media websites. Even as MySpace faded into obscurity and Facebook became the new standard, I steered away from becoming too heavily involved in most social media. This is a habit that’s followed me into my current life and digital literacy. While I understand the appeal of platforms like Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook, I typically don’t find myself wanting to immerse myself in them. The two platforms that I do use regularly are YouTube and Snapchat. One for keeping up with current events, and one for keeping up with friends. So, from both a social and academic perspective, the years I spent between 6th and 8th grade were a huge leap for my digital literacy. It laid a firm foundation for the maturation of my digital literacy which I believe happened from high school onward.

By the time I was in my freshman year of high school, I was regularly spending time on the internet, playing video games, and generally opening myself up to new technological experiences. As a part of this experiential broadening that I had unofficially tasked myself with, I tried to get myself more involved with classes that I knew would specifically help me in the future.

High school allowed me to experience my first hands-on involvement with programming languages. I enrolled in a Programming I course during my sophomore year and found myself in a small, basic computer lab on the lower level of the school. We were shown how to execute simple programming code using the Microsoft Visual BASIC language. At first, coding came naturally to me. To me, writing a line of code was as simple as writing a basic sentence in the English language. But most of all, coding didn’t seem like a chore like my other assignments in school. Creating and sculpting programs on a computer seemed fun and I almost couldn’t believe that people were paid exorbitant amounts of money to be good at it. As the semester progressed and we moved on to more complex, intricate projects, my natural ability to nonchalantly pump out programming code slowed down. Nothing about this was negative, however. It forced me to study on my own time and become even more familiar with programming languages.

Next year, I made the conscious decision to enroll at the Virginia Military Institute as a Computer and Information Sciences major. Without the various pushes throughout my life to inch my way toward this field, I’m not sure if I would have chosen the profession. But now I am wholly dedicated to it. By choosing this field, I’ve committed myself to lifelong learning and constantly changing experiences as technology advances. College graduation on May 16th, 2018 will not be the end of my digital learning. It simply marks another opportunity to become more digitally literate in a changing digitized world.

CIS-270WX-01 Reflective Essay

ReflectiveEssay

Nick Marshall

CIS-270WX-01

Dr. Sook Ha

24 APR 2016

 

Humans are naturally social animals. The development of patterns of communication and the introduction of new communication technologies has allowed for the continued interconnection of global governments, cultures, and civilizations. Throughout the chronological development of these communication technologies in the Americas, the most distinctive feature has been a prevailing tendency to focus on increased communications speed and ease of use. Dating back to the use of smoke signals in native tribes and into the development of cellular phone technology in the late 20th century, communication technology has shown a continual trend towards becoming more simplistic and efficient for the end users, driving the global community to become more interconnected as a result.

Early communication methods in the Americas was limited by the lack of efficient technology that was available to native tribes of the time. Some more common methods of communication that were available were smoke signals and signals sent with mirrors or reflective objects. Tribes typically use these communication methods in absence of an available foot messenger or in situations which required immediate notification where a messenger would not be viable. Examples of these situations might include the attacking of a village or any other dangerous event where assistance was needed. The underlying issue with this communication method was not its overall effectiveness. As a short-range signaling method that was strictly reserved for emergencies, it proved to get the job done. However, it could be considered slow and inefficient by any modern standards. Tribes could only communicate with limited range using this method. Additionally, it was possible that messages were not clear to anyone who was not familiar with the meaning of the signals. Since this technology fell out of usage, multiple improvements to communication technology was made to remedy the drawbacks mentioned above.

Up until the mid-1900’s, the best improvements that were made to long-distance communications came in the form of horseback transportation. Most prominently, the development of the mail service called “The Pony Express” exemplified a critical shift towards the aforementioned ideology of improving communication efficiency, speed, and distance. The Pony Express focused on decreasing the time it took to transport mail from the eastern side of the United States to its western coast. In effect, this linked both sides of the nation via communication in ways that were previously unprecedented. Communication that had previously taken weeks would now only take days, at the most.

From this point onward, communication technology improvements became rapid and increasingly better at linking the cultures of the Americas. The lifetime of the Pony Express was short-lived. It was quickly replaced by newer, more rapid communication technologies like the transcontinental telegraph, transcontinental railroad, and airplane. The more important of these developments was the telegraph. Whereas the Pony Express had drastically improved communication in the United States, the telegraph expanded on this improvement several fold. The telegraph used electrical wiring to transmit signals across a network that spanned several cities in the US. Since all messages sent were electrically encoded and sent along a wire, a message that may have taken several days to reach its destination prior to the telegraph now only took a few seconds. Once transoceanic telegraph lines became an established norm. this allowed for individuals and global governments to exchange information rapidly, consistently, and reliably. To date, the invention of the telegraph remains one of the most important advancements towards modern communications technology.

The importance of the telegraph becomes more evident when looking at the invention of telephony services in the United States. Telephony traces its roots back to the network infrastructure laid out by the telegraph. Building on the network and technology, inventors were able to adapt the system to transmit electrical signals which would transform back to sound waves at their destination. What this meant was that, for the first time ever, one could vocally communicate over any distance that had a telephone line between the end-users. This technology proved to be even faster than the telegraph because it allowed for one to simply speak their intended message rather than manually enter a codified language to be transmitted via electrical signals. Along with radio communication technology, this brought the Americas into the contemporary state of communication technology.

Since the creation of telephony, the technology has simply been expanded upon in the 20th and 21st centuries. What we’ve derived from these innovations are networking principles which have contributed to modern computing, improved telecommunications like cell phones and wireless networks, and Voice over IP services that are revolutionizing the Internet.

The primary pattern that should be recognized when analyzing these various forms of communication technologies is the tendency for communication to become more accessible, efficient, and reliable as it develops. To exemplify this concept, simply compare a modern communication technology like telephony with an archaic one like smoke signals. To send a message with a smoke signal, one would have to have knowledge of how to build a significantly sized pyre at elevation. Additionally, the sender and receiver would need a common understanding of the signals being sent. The sender is limited by his or her knowledge of how to create the smoke signals – not even including limiting factors such as weather and visibility which may limit the potential for getting the message to its intended recipient. Even in the most ideal situation for sending one, a smoke signal is not a reliable method of communication. Especially not over any significant distance. Conversely, when we look at a more modern technology like telephony, it is often reliable. Its usability and ability to achieve long-distance communication is not limited by topographical features or weather. It also has the convenience of letting the message sender to quickly and efficiently relay their intended message with vocalization. Telecommunications are clearly superior to smoke signals for relaying a message.

This illustrates a global shift towards relying on communications technology to facilitate a more interconnected world. By expanding the range of our communications, we as a species have seemingly managed to artificially reduce the distances between us. Whereas transcontinental communications in previous centuries were an unprecedented development, it is now a commonplace event. As communications move forward, faster speeds and more accessible technologies will continue to show this prevailing trend which makes the world seem much closer together.

History of the Telephone – Final

Marshall_CIS270WX-01_Writing#3_Final

Nick Marshall

MAJ Sook Ha

CIS-270WX-01

March 25, 2016

The invention of the telephone was one of the most important communication developments of the late 19th century. Innovative creators were able to expand on the success of the telegraph to create a new communication medium that would become a staple of global intercommunication that persisted into the modern digital era. The early history of the telephone exemplifies how the limitations of an existing technology resulted in the creation of an improved technology that, in turn, goes through several evolutionary stages to produce a vastly superior commodity.

The telephone can traces its origins back to the 1870s and two inventors – Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray. At the time, the telegraph was a widely popular wire-based electrical communication system. However, limitations existed in the system. With telegraphs, it was only possible to send and receive a single message at a time (Bellis). Bell had extensive background knowledge with the nature of sound (specifically music) that allowed him to posit the idea of sending multiple messages over a single wire at the same time (Bellis). Eventually, Bell and Gray were able to simultaneously invent these “harmonic telegraphs” that could transmit speech electronically. Historically, Bell was the first to secure the patent with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The two famously entered several legal battles which Graham won (Bellis).

Bell formally founded the first telephone company in 1878. The company was known as the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T). This marked an important point in the history of the telephone because from this point onward, telephones were able to be leased to subscribers for service (Bellis). The telephones were connected at first by having a wire run between each location. These phone lines were known as direct lines (“History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses”). As phone subscriber numbers increased, this model became unsustainable because it was not scalable. To alleviate these scalability issues, the concept of “exchanges” was created. A precursor to switchboards, these exchanges allowed for the centralization of the phone lines rather than having multiple lines going from phone-to-phone. Subscribing for a monthly fee allowed users to gain access to a much wider phone network than direct lines allowed for (“History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses”).

This concept of the “network” in telephone communications became important in the expansion of telephone services and innovations. Having centralized switching locations allowed for a more rapid expansion of subscriber bases. As these new users joined the network, a wider area of communication became available for the previous users due to the interconnectivity of the phone lines. The additional lines were also used to connect to additional switching locations, strengthening the network in the process (“History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses”).

The phone would go through several evolutionary stages throughout the 20th century, each of which brought their own unique improvements to the usability and efficiency of the telephone and the telephone networks across the world. From the Bell telephone, the first important step forward came in the form of the rotary dial phone (Bellis). The importance of this innovation was the ease that it brought to entering the phone numbers of other users. Prior to the rotary dial phone, users had a single button on their phones which was pressed for a specific number of pulses to contact another user. The button was abandoned entirely by 1943 in favor of the rotary dial (Bellis). Additionally, rotary dial phones were the first to combine the mouthpiece and receiver portions of the phone into a single handset (“Telephone Timeline”). But the rotary dial was still more tedious than it needed to be. In 1941, touch-tone phones were introduced as an even more efficient way of entering phone numbers. Each key was able to transmit a certain frequency which would signal to the operator which number needed to be connected on the line. No more than six years later, in 1947, research began on cell phone technology.

Cell phone technology began with research into mobile car phones that were marginally popular at the time (Bellis).  The technology continued to be developed into the 1980’s until Motorola introduced the first commercially available mobile phone in the form of the Motorola DynaTAC (Bellis). The first cell phones were large and clunky with limited call time and high prices. The DynaTAC, for example, only had thirty minutes of call time with a four-thousand dollar price point. With these limitations, cell phones were not a commodity that the general public could afford for their day-to-day lives. The phone company Nokia made some of the first significant advancements towards improving the availability of cell phone technology. Nokia released their classic 5110 model “candybar” cell phone which had a reduced size, longer battery life, LCD screen, and customizable face plates (“Telephone Timeline”). Following up on this innovation, the world saw the release of the first commercially successful flip phones into the consumer market.

For cell phone networks, these innovations meant that switchboards became replaced by cell towers with many of the same principles still in place. Calls placed by users would be routed through networks of cell towers to reach their destination. Because cell phones can connect to any tower that’s closest to them, users were able to move anywhere that had a nearby tower and place a call or send a text message. This was achieved largely through the integration of radio wave technology with telecommunications. The creation of the microprocessor also allowed for cell phones to be made smaller, more efficient, and more complex. Without the microprocessor, it’s unlikely that we would have technological achievements like smartphones. Advancements in cell phone technology has ushered in a new era of global connectivity and intercommunication. Commonplace items in the first world, such as the iPhone, Android, and Windows smartphones would not be readily available without the advancements in cell phone and microprocessor technology.

Significant improvements have been made in telecommunications from the original inventions implemented by Bell and Gray in the late 1800’s. From the humble beginnings of the inventions first presented in their labs, a global network allowing for communication interconnectivity has been spawned. Telephony networks have been integral to expanding global businesses, governments, and social relations. Additionally, they laid the groundwork for computing networks around the mid-20th century. The importance of telephony to the technological advancements of the 20th and 21st centuries cannot be overstated. They remain equally important and will likely continue to be important for years to come.

Works Cited

Bellis, Mary. “The History of Cordless & Other Modern Phones.” About.com Inventors. About.com, n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2016. <http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone_3.htm>.

“History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses.” History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2016. <https://www.shoretel.com/history-telephone-and-communication-businesses>.

 

History of the Telephone – Draft

Nick Marshall

MAJ Sook Ha

CIS-270WX-01

March 25, 2016

The invention of the telephone was one of the most important communication developments of the late 19th century. Innovative creators were able to expand on the success of the telegraph to create a new communication medium that would become a staple of global intercommunication that persisted into the modern digital era. The early history of the telephone exemplifies how the limitations of an existing technology resulted in the creation of an improved technology that, in turn, goes through several evolutionary stages to produce a vastly superior commodity.

The telephone can traces its origins back to the 1870s and two inventors – Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray. At the time, the telegraph was a widely popular wire-based electrical communication system. However, limitations existed in the system. With telegraphs, it was only possible to send and receive a single message at a time (Bellis). Bell had extensive background knowledge with the nature of sound (specifically music) that allowed him to posit the idea of sending multiple messages over a single wire at the same time (Bellis). Eventually, Bell and Gray were able to simultaneously invent these “harmonic telegraphs” that could transmit speech electronically. Historically, Bell was the first to secure the patent with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The two famously entered several legal battles which Graham won (Bellis).

Bell formally founded the first telephone company in 1878. The company was known as the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T). This marked an important point in the history of the telephone because from this point onward, telephones were able to be leased to subscribers for service (Bellis). The telephones were connected at first by having a wire run between each location. These phone lines were known as direct lines (“History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses”). As phone subscriber numbers increased, this model became unsustainable because it was not scalable. To alleviate these scalability issues, the concept of “exchanges” was created. A precursor to switchboards, these exchanges allowed for the centralization of the phone lines rather than having multiple lines going from phone-to-phone. Subscribing for a monthly fee allowed users to gain access to a much wider phone network than direct lines allowed for (“History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses”).

This concept of the “network” in telephone communications became important in the expansion of telephone services and innovations. Having centralized switching locations allowed for a more rapid expansion of subscriber bases. As these new users joined the network, a wider area of communication became available for the previous users due to the interconnectivity of the phone lines. The additional lines were also used to connect to additional switching locations, strengthening the network in the process (“History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses”).

The phone would go through several evolutionary stages throughout the 20th century, each of which brought their own unique improvements to the usability and efficiency of the telephone and the telephone networks across the world. From the Bell telephone, the first important step forward came in the form of the rotary dial phone (Bellis). The importance of this innovation was the ease that it brought to entering the phone numbers of other users. Prior to the rotary dial phone, users had a single button on their phones which was pressed for a specific number of pulses to contact another user. The button was abandoned entirely by 1943 in favor of the rotary dial (Bellis). Additionally, rotary dial phones were the first to combine the mouthpiece and receiver portions of the phone into a single handset (“Telephone Timeline”). But the rotary dial was still more tedious than it needed to be. In 1941, touch-tone phones were introduced as an even more efficient way of entering phone numbers. Each key was able to transmit a certain frequency which would signal to the operator which number needed to be connected on the line. No more than six years later, in 1947, research began on cell phone technology.

Cell phone technology began with research into mobile car phones that were marginally popular at the time (Bellis).  The technology continued to be developed into the 1980’s until Motorola introduced the first commercially available mobile phone in the form of the Motorola DynaTAC (Bellis). The first cell phones were large and clunky with limited call time and high prices. The DynaTAC, for example, only had thirty minutes of call time with a four-thousand dollar price point. With these limitations, cell phones were not a commodity that the general public could afford for their day-to-day lives. The phone company Nokia made some of the first significant advancements towards improving the availability of cell phone technology. Nokia released their classic 5110 model “candybar” cell phone which had a reduced size, longer battery life, LCD screen, and customizable face plates (“Telephone Timeline”). Following up on this innovation, the world saw the release of the first commercially successful flip phones into the consumer market.

For cell phone networks, these innovations meant that switchboards became replaced by cell towers with many of the same principles still in place. Calls placed by users would be routed through networks of cell towers to reach their destination. Because cell phones can connect to any tower that’s closest to them, users were able to move anywhere that had a nearby tower and place a call or send a text message. This was achieved largely through the integration of radio wave technology with telecommunications. The creation of the microprocessor also allowed for cell phones to be made smaller, more efficient, and more complex. Without the microprocessor, it’s unlikely that we would have technological achievements like smartphones. Advancements in cell phone technology has ushered in a new era of global connectivity and intercommunication. Commonplace items in the first world, such as the iPhone, Android, and Windows smartphones would not be readily available without the advancements in cell phone and microprocessor technology.

Significant improvements have been made in telecommunications from the original inventions implemented by Bell and Gray in the late 1800’s.

 

 

 

Works Cited

Bellis, Mary. “The History of Cordless & Other Modern Phones.” About.com Inventors. About.com, n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2016. <http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/telephone_3.htm>.

“History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses.” History of the Telephone and Communication with Businesses. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Apr. 2016. <https://www.shoretel.com/history-telephone-and-communication-businesses>.

Marshall_CIS270WX-01_Writing#3_Draft

Airmail – Final

Marshall_CIS270WX-01_Writing#2_Final

Nick Marshall

MAJ Sook Ha

CIS-270WX-01

March 14, 2016

The invention of the airplane marked an important point in the history of mankind and the communication of information technology. While simple messages could be transferred quickly at that point in history through the usage of telegraphs and telephones, invented some years before, air mail allowed for the rapid dissemination of physical media like letters and packages. This also opened up newer, faster communication options to sections of the world which may have been informationally isolated due to their lack of telegraph or telephone connectivity.

The interest in sending information via airmail was sparked immediately upon the first successful flights performed in 1903. The first experimental airmail flights came in the year 1911. Most notably, the United States Post Office Department had its first major test flights in New York during the week of September 23, 1911 through September 30, 1911 (Keogh). Earl L. Ovington was appointed as an “air mail carrier” and covered a route that flew between two points in the state of New York. Ovington dropped packages at the latter of the two points and a postmaster would collect them. During the week Ovington flew his route, tens of thousands of postcards along with several thousands of letters and circulars were delivered (Keogh). The results of the experiment proved to be more than satisfactory to the Post Office Department and, after several similar experiments were carried out in the same year, it was decided that the airplane would be a more than viable improvement on mail transportation and information dissemination.

Under these pretenses, the Post Office Department made several requests to Congress in 1912 for funds to start a formal service. After initially denying several requests, Congress approved funds for the foundation of an airplane service in 1916 (Keogh). The World Wars on the horizon at this time would prove to be a valuable asset in affirming the usefulness of airplanes for the mail service. Planes were used as fighting assets during both wars. If they could achieve fill this role, there was little doubt left in many people’s minds that they could be tasked with safely delivering mail and cargo shipments. Congress allotted even more money toward the service in 1918 when they granted $100,000 to be used in the establishment of the first experimental air mail route (Cleveland, 1). The Post Office Department established this route on May 15, 1918, marking it as an important date in the history of aviation and mail delivery services. The route was established between New York and Washington, DC (Cleveland, 1). The frequency of service ended up being a single round trip per day over the 218 mile span of the route (Keogh).

Perhaps most impressively, the pilots who flew the route had no navigation aids, instruments, or radios. The pilots made all of their trips via dead reckoning techniques. Forced landings were frequent but fatalities on the route were not (Cleveland, 1). In fact, the route was so successful that the Post Office Department immediately began creating a route that would bring the airmail service from New York to San Francisco, marking the first transcontinental airmail deliveries. By June 1st of the same year, the route was already in the works (Cleveland, 1).

The transcontinental route was accomplished by transporting mail from New York to Cleveland and then from Cleveland to Chicago. This leg of the route was completed in 1919 (Cleveland, 1). The next year another leg of the route was opened from Chicago to Omaha, with several feeder routes. The final segment, linking both ends of the continent via airmail, was completed in May of 1920. This finalized the route which allowed mail to be even more rapidly transported from New York to San Francisco (Cleveland, 2).

After some routes began to be shut down with the purpose of economizing expenditures, the Post Office Department further demonstrated the many possibilities of airmail by making a through flight from San Francisco to New York. This monumental flight took a total of approximately 33 hours to complete, with 25 of those hours being spent in actual flight (Keogh).

After demonstrating the capabilities of airmail, routes were able to be expanded upon. The United States postal service would be able to receive more money to implement their services across the contiguous and, eventually, non-contiguous states in the US. The service of airmail saw significant expansion as it became more publicly adopted and more infrastructure became available to support airmail to varied locations. Airmail largely came of age around 1927. At this time, most significant challenges had been overcome by the innovative work of the United States Post Office Department. At the beginning of its implementation, weather was one of the largest challenges facing airmail pilots. By the late 1920’s, it had been overcome, allowing for less delays and more rapid postal delivery. Fog remained the one issue that caused serious delays in postal deliveries but work was done to alleviate this issue as well (Keogh). By this point in time, fatalities had also been markedly diminished. The safety records of United States Post Office Department pilots were nearly impeccable, with very few fatalities or injuries while on the job. Millions of miles were flown between known injuries on the job (Keogh).

The efforts of the Post Office Department, aided by the United States Congress helped bring the US postal service into modernity. Airmail has proved to be the most rapid form of physical mail transportation thus far, as evidenced by its persistence into the present day. Being eclipsed only by the advent of the internet and email, airmail is still one of our most important information delivery systems in the United States and around the world. It vastly improved cultures through its ability to connect and facilitate efficient communication.

 

 

 

Works Cited

Cleveland, Reginald M. “Airmail.” Sci Am Scientific American 150.6 (1934): 290-91. USPS. Web. <https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/airmail.pdf>.

Keogh, Edward A. “Airmail Pioneers: A Brief History.” Airmail Pioneers: A Brief History. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2016. <http://www.airmailpioneers.org/content/Sagahistory.htm>.

 

 

 

Airmail – Draft

Marshall_CIS270WX-01_Writing#2_Draft

Nick Marshall

MAJ Sook Ha

CIS-270WX-01

March 14, 2016

The invention of the airplane marked an important point in the history of mankind and the communication of information technology. While simple messages could be transferred quickly at that point in history through the usage of telegraphs and telephones, invented some years before, air mail allowed for the rapid dissemination of physical media like letters and packages. This also opened up newer, faster communication options to sections of the world which may have been informationally isolated due to their lack of telegraph or telephone connectivity.

The interest in sending information via airmail was sparked immediately upon the first successful flights performed in 1903. The first experimental airmail flights came in the year 1911. Most notably, the United States Post Office Department had its first major test flights in New York during the week of September 23, 1911 through September 30, 1911 (Keogh). Earl L. Ovington was appointed as an “air mail carrier” and covered a route that flew between two points in the state of New York. Ovington dropped packages at the latter of the two points and a postmaster would collect them. During the week Ovington flew his route, tens of thousands of postcards along with several thousands of letters and circulars were delivered (Keogh). The results of the experiment proved to be more than satisfactory to the Post Office Department and, after several similar experiments were carried out in the same year, it was decided that the airplane would be a more than viable improvement on mail transportation and information dissemination.

Under these pretenses, the Post Office Department made several requests to Congress in 1912 for funds to start a formal service. After initially denying several requests, Congress approved funds for the foundation of an airplane service in 1916 (Keogh). The World Wars on the horizon at this time would prove to be a valuable asset in affirming the usefulness of airplanes for the mail service. Planes were used as fighting assets during both wars. If they could achieve fill this role, there was little doubt left in many people’s minds that they could be tasked with safely delivering mail and cargo shipments. Congress allotted even more money toward the service in 1918 when they granted $100,000 to be used in the establishment of the first experimental air mail route (Cleveland, 1). The Post Office Department established this route on May 15, 1918, marking it as an important date in the history of aviation and mail delivery services. The route was established between New York and Washington, DC (Cleveland, 1). The frequency of service ended up being a single round trip per day over the 218 mile span of the route (Keogh).

Perhaps most impressively, the pilots who flew the route had no navigation aids, instruments, or radios. The pilots made all of their trips via dead reckoning techniques. Forced landings were frequent but fatalities on the route were not (Cleveland, 1). In fact, the route was so successful that the Post Office Department immediately began creating a route that would bring the airmail service from New York to San Francisco, marking the first transcontinental airmail deliveries. By June 1st of the same year, the route was already in the works (Cleveland, 1).

The transcontinental route was accomplished by transporting mail from New York to Cleveland and then from Cleveland to Chicago. This leg of the route was completed in 1919 (Cleveland, 1). The next year another leg of the route was opened from Chicago to Omaha, with several feeder routes. The final segment, linking both ends of the continent via airmail, was completed in May of 1920. This finalized the route which allowed mail to be even more rapidly transported from New York to San Francisco (Cleveland, 2).

After some routes began to be shut down with the purpose of economizing expenditures, the Post Office Department further demonstrated the many possibilities of airmail by making a through flight from San Francisco to New York. This monumental flight took a total of approximately 33 hours to complete, with 25 of those hours being spent in actual flight (Keogh).

[More stuff about airmail, relating it to modern delivery systems]

The efforts of the Post Office Department, aided by the United States Congress helped bring the US postal service into modernity. Airmail has proved to be the most rapid form of physical mail transportation thusfar, as evidenced by its persistence into the present day. Being eclipsed only by the advent of the internet and email, airmail is still one of our most important information delivery systems in the United States and around the world. It vastly improved cultures through its ability to connect and facilitate efficient communication.

 

 

Works Cited

Cleveland, Reginald M. “Airmail.” Sci Am Scientific American 150.6 (1934): 290-91. USPS. Web. <https://about.usps.com/who-we-are/postal-history/airmail.pdf>.

Keogh, Edward A. “Airmail Pioneers: A Brief History.” Airmail Pioneers: A Brief History. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2016. <http://www.airmailpioneers.org/content/Sagahistory.htm>.

 

 

 

History of IT – Writing Assignment #1 Final

Radio Paper_Final

Nick Marshall

MAJ Sook Ha

CIS-270-WX

FEB 09 2016

The radio was a major stepping stone in facilitating widespread, mass communication among humans. The history of radio wave communication dates back to the late 19th century when Guglielmo Marconi is credited with its invention. One year after acquiring his wireless telegraphy patent in England, the American inventor Nikolai Tesla acquired a similar patent in the United States granting him a patent on the basic radio communication devices (Wood, “History of the Radio: From Inception to Modern Day”). This presented some early controversy regarding who deserved the title of the inventor of the radio. History largely gives credit to Marconi for the invention, however Tesla’s early demonstration of radio communication in St. Louis, Missouri similarly cements him as an integral component to the radio’s early success (Wyman, “The History of Communication Technology: Radio”). Ever since the late 19th century rivalry between Marconi and Tesla, radio communication has remained an integral part of how society communicates and disseminates information over wide areas that were previously unheard of.  Its popularity and practicality fixed it as one of the most important unwritten communication methods of 20th and 21st century societies.

Prior to the World Wars, radio communication was largely limited to enabling communication with maritime vessels out at sea. If an emergency happened at sea, radio communications allowed for those on land to send aid wherever necessary (Wood). These early incarnations of radio communications did not incorporate vocal communication. Instead, all messages were sent as a Morse code which could be deciphered by the receiving end user. With an era of wars on the horizon for significant portions of the global community, the applications of radio communications began to shift even more. Radio communications adapted to serve as a tool for military forces to communicate with their troops on the ground. This was especially apparent in World Wars I and II (Wyman). But perhaps more importantly, radio communications gained their foothold as a go-to method of quickly getting information to the general public with the help of news outlets and journalists (Wood). Radios were becoming more commonplace in the American household, especially following widespread television production shutdowns around the time of World War II (“Early Electronic Television: Television During World War Two).

At this point in the history of the radio, we begin to see a shift toward what we would consider to be the ‘modern’ radio (Wyman). What this encompasses is the transformation from radio’s usage as a strictly wartime communication method be a more entertainment focused medium. The situation had changed, which required the applications of the technology to change. Following the era of World Wars, commercial radio stations had gained popularity. Notable stations included the British Broadcasting Company (BBC) in Great Britain and KDKA (founded by Westinghouse) in the United States (Wyman). The time period following the wars allowed these radio stations to fill the airwaves with more positive expressions of cultures. Popular mid-20th century radio broadcasts often included music, dramatic renditions of plays, discussions, and sports highlights (Wyman). More radio stations cropped up around the globe as the trend began to take off. As an entertainment medium, radio’s popularity further skyrocketed, along with the revenues of the companies facilitating the broadcasts. Popularity of radio broadcasts became so apparent that people began making their own receivers. To curb this issue, which was interfering with the market, the American government stepped in to sanction an agreement known as the Radio Corporation Agreements (RCA), which allowed for better management of patents on radio transmitters and receivers (Wyman). It was around this time period that radio advertising also became a popular method of collecting money for the effort put in by the stations. Revenue was accumulated by promoting goods and services. In Britain, government funding eventually overtook commercial advertising as a primary means of funding stations. In the United States, however, preference was given to commercials over government control of the radio (“The Early History of Radio”). Small instances like these illustrate the importance of radio to the evolving culture and economy of 20th century societies.

New music genres like Rock and Roll in the mid-20th century finally solidified radio’s form as what we think of today. Plays, discussions, sports, serial programming, and other radio broadcasts maintained popularity but largely took a backseat to the overwhelming popularity of musical broadcasts. At this point in history we mark the emergence of continuous back-to-back musical broadcasts, top 40 stations, and entirely new music genres catering to these changes. Music and radio became synonymous (Wood). We also begin to see FM radio overtake the dated AM stations. What we can derive from this information is that the mid-century evolution of radio reflected a larger cultural shift in the Americas and Europe. Around this time, we begin to see the beginnings of youth culture with entertainment targeted toward families, teens, and young adults (Wood). Furthermore, it reflected a growing Western middle class that was not evidently present when radio was a new technology. The radio was one of many mediums that spread and disseminated the culture (Wyman).

Radio communications was present for a significant portion of the cultural changes that shape contemporary western society. We can also assert that radio was, at least in no small part, responsible for facilitating these changes which offer a hard contrast to the culture that defined western society when radio was relatively new. Radio communications was an unwritten communication method that shaped a significant portion of 20th century societies. It allowed for cities to communicate over vast distances in record amounts of time and has evolved from a more simplistic Morse code to a sophisticated sonic entertainment platform. Radio communications embody multiple aspects of what many might perceive as the ideal form of unwritten communication among civilizations.

 

 

Works Cited

“Early Electronic Television.” Television During World War Two. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2016. <http://www.earlytelevision.org/ww2_history.html>.

“The Early History of Radio.” The Early History of Radio. N.p., 1 Apr. 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2016. <http://www.cybercollege.com/frtv/frtv016.htm>.

Wood, Joe. “History of the Radio: From Inception to Modern Day.” Tech Wholesale. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2016. <http://www.techwholesale.com/history-of-the-radio.html>.

Wyman, Logan. “The History of Communication Technology: Radio.” The History of the Radio. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2016. <http://www.personal.psu.edu/jtk187/art2/radio.htm>.

Rhetorical Analysis Annotation

The Tethered Generation by Kathryn Tyler is a short essay that discusses some concerns regarding “Generation Y” entering the modern workforce. Generation Y (also called the Net Generation) is defined by Tyler as “80 million people born in the United States between 1978 and 1999”. Tyler identifies as a member of the previous generation called “Generation X”. What makes Generation Y particularly notable to Tyler is the fact that they are the first generation to grow up in a world that doesn’t lack fundamental information technologies like e-mail, instant messaging, cell phones, Google, etc. In her essay, Tyler discusses her concern that growing up in a generation of instant answers, minimal opportunities for critical thinking, and constant connection with other people has stunted Generation Y’s abilities to thrive in the American work force. Her background in human resources (as well as being a writer for an HR magazine) and training lends some credibility to her thoughts. An essay like The Tethered Generation would likely be most useful to anyone working in human resources, employing members of the generation in question, or looking for data to support the idea that technology has had a negative impact on humankind’s development on the individual level. Tyler offers suggestions for dealing with the potential issues being caused in the workforce by Generation Y, making the essay useful to anyone looking to improve their work force as well. However, some central arguments behind Tyler’s essay lack sufficient supporting evidence, which undermines some portions of her thesis. One of the main points of Tyler’s essay is the concept of “helicopter parenting”. She asserts that a majority of millennials are coming into the work force with a dependence on their parents, who often jeopardize their work-related opportunities. The problem with this is that, aside from a few anecdotal horror stories, Tyler does little to provide statistics or hard data supporting her essay’s claims that helicopter parenting is a widespread issue.