Reflective Essay

In the process of researching and writing the seven artifacts over this semester I have learned many things related to gender, biological processes, and different ways of life.  Considering that I am somewhat close-minded, researching and writing these artifacts have influenced my ways of thinking by exposing me to cultures and religions that I normally wouldn’t give any attention to.  I have been enlightened about issues occurring in other countries and cultures that I would have had no idea about before taking this course.  Almost everything that was taught in this course I had little to no knowledge of or about.

I plan on working in the medical field, so learning the difference between sex and gender was very beneficial.  “Sex refers to biological characteristics….gender is the role and social identification of a person” (Artifact 1, 2019). I want to be an Orthopedic Surgeon, so if I ever obtain a transgender or third gender patient I can have a better understanding on how to treat them psychologically and physically.  Considering that these people already suffer from anxiety due to gender dysphoria, I will keep this in mind by trying to prevent squandering them with unnecessary stress- like finding another surgeon or anestethiologist (Artifact 1, 2019).  These people are either shoved away or accepted and treated incorrectly.  For example transgender patients have a higher risk of suffocating under anesthesia, but most surgeons and anestethiologist are ignorant to this statistic so the patient could suffocate during surgery!

Even if I do make it through medical school I probably won’t be paid as much as my male counterparts!  I had always known that men were paid more than women, but I didn’t realize that this problem was caused by so many factors such as pregnancy, segregation, and domestic responsibilities (Artifact 3, 2019).  Women also tend to be healthier than men because of having reasons to take frequent visits to the doctors; this can also be due to the fact that men have more dangerous jobs (Artifact 4, 2019).  All of this seems to be like common sense, but it never even came across my mind!  If I wouldn’t have taken this course, I would have been ignorantly enjoying my $300K/year versus a male Ortho’s salary $400K/year.  Ignorance is not bliss in this case!

I always knew that Africa had many different cultures and religions, but I did not realize how different these cultures were from one another!  For example, Sierra Leone still practices female circumcision for initiation purposes, but female circumcision is illegal in Egypt (Artifact 6, 2019).  Without the research of how medically qualified agencies view female circumcision, I would of thought that this practice to be harmless to a woman’s health! (very ignorant of me!)  After researching the WHO and CDC’s views on this practice I came to the conclusion that “the only benefits to female circumcision is cultural or religious acceptance” (Artifact 6, 2019).  With the knowledge of circumcision being a part of the initiation of most African culture I would have never of guessed that even Africa made it illegal, its just a matter of breaking the rules or not.

I assumed that these cultures knew that it was harmful for the women and chose to do it anyways, but these people aren’t being educated of the harmful effects of this practice.  So it’s not that they are intentionally torturing women, they just simply don’t know that female circumcision is harmful.  Preceding this information I just assumed that these evil actions towards women were intentional because of all of the evil spirits that reside in many African cultures.

The artifact that surprised me the most was the last one- Artifact 7.  I always knew that some transgender people got gender-affirming surgeries, but I stereotyped them to be pleasant and reliable like Caitlyn Jenner’s.  I honestly had no idea that these people were denied health care because of their decision to be transgender!  It is common sense now, but I also didn’t even think that the surgeons are only changing the external genitalia and not the internal organs!  I had no idea that this struggle even existed!  I know now that transgender people were and still are being discriminated against, especially in more conservative states -like in the South!  “Transgender people have absolutely HORRIBLE health care and are subjected to horrible violence” (Artifact 7, 2019).  There have even been instances where transgender prisoners have been denied their medication (Artifact 7, 2019).

Learning about the menstruation cycle and the different types of hormones that our bodies produce helped me understand how someone can be medically born with extreme hormonal imbalances.  Learning about the male’s internal and external organs will help me when I am performing surgery on male patients.  Learning about female internal and external organs will help me when I get injured again, or when I have female patients!  This information has the ability to influence my future decisions.  For example hip pain a tricky thing to treat because many hip conditions have similar symptoms.  It will be my job to decide if the pain is originating from the internal(hip joint), external (ligaments, tendons, muscles), or  the internal organs.  Groin pain could be a torn labrum, torn iliopsoas tendon, ovarian cyst, pelvic inflammatory disease, or even different types of cancer.

My knowledge of these internal conditions can save a patient from being misdiagnosed repeatedly.  This knowledge can also prevent the patient from getting unnecessary surgeries like hip replacements, spinal fusions, and painful biopsies.  This course has broadened my horizons and has given me many tools that I can use in the future!  The knowledge of diverse cultures, biological conditions, and mental health can help shape my future work and can affect my future patient’s lives.

 

 

Artifact 7- Heat it up a little!

**Paragraphs 6-9 are a Christian religion’s point of view**

Robert Eads was an American transgender that transitioned from being female to being male.  He transitioned late in life and acquired ovarian cancer.  He had gotten top surgery, but was denied bottom surgery because of his age and ovarian cancer.  He was discriminated against and few doctor’s agreed to treat him.  By the time he found a reliable doctor the cancer had spread to everything except for his lungs, which is ironic because he was an avid smoker!  He is well known for hosting the film “Southern Comfort” and a huge player at the Southern Comfort conference, held in Atlanta, Georgia annually.  The purpose of this film was to educate and spread awareness that trans people were being socially and medically discriminated against!  The only people that truly accepted these people were also trans.  I believe that this film had a bit of satire in it and was trying to show that trans people are people too!

This film harps on the fact that a person’s family doesn’t have to be biological.  Families are supposed to be a person’s support system, no matter their race or gender.  Some transgenders get disowned by their families, so they usually create a non-biological family with people that face the same issues that they have faced and are facing.  That is why the conference was founded, to reach out to people that are hurting in this specific area of their life.  This conference gives the participants hope and a sense of belonging and acceptance- something that everybody should have the right to experience.  Although some people do not agree with being transgender due to religious reasons- God made you how you are and you shouldn’t have the authority to change that.  This sort of mentality is what drives this prejudice and discrimination against anybody who is not cisgender.

Honestly I do not agree with being anything other than cisgender, BUT just because I don’t agree with doesn’t mean that I will judge or discriminate others that do not hold the same religious morals and values that I do.  Somebody once told me that “you will never look into the eyes of someone that God does not love and to always be kind to everyone that I meet”.  Just because these people chose to identify as the opposite sex that they were born with, doesn’t mean that they should be “pitchforked out of the village”.  Everyone deserves to be loved and judging is not within the human authority either- judgement should come from the Lord not from people!  It makes me sad that these people were treated so badly and even denied medical care for CANCER!!!

This film harps on gender identity, most of the people that attend the Southern Comfort conference have identified as transgender- or identifying by the opposite gender that they were born with.  Some people get top and bottom surgery, but some don’t get either surgeries.  For example, before transitioning Robert was married to a man and had two children.  Robert’s sexual orientation was that he wanted a male partner, but he himself also wanted to identify as a male.  He divorced his husband and transitioned and then began to date Lola.

There are many stereotypes associated with people that are transgender.  One includes that transgender make up a third gender; transgender and third gender are completely different!  Another stereotype is that transgender people are confused and tricking others.  Honestly my family believes this stereotype, and it is hard for me to reject this idea due to my Christian beliefs.  To elaborate a little more, I know that there is a God and that there is a devil.  The devil wants nothing more but to kill, steal, and destroy EVERYONE on this earth because every human being was made in the image of God.  The devil is jealous and will do anything to confuse God’s people into sinning so that they can get a one-way ticket to Hell!  Don’t get me wrong, everyone sins but it is a matter of having your sins forgiven by God  that establishes a persons eternal fate!

People think that the devil is stupid, but that is what he wants you so desperately to think!  He’s not just gonna give away his evil tactics!  Everybody knows or has a sense that horror movies are evil, but the devil is a master of disguise and inserts his evil into what society believes are “pure” or “good” things.  He disguises himself and his demons as well; he is not just going to come out and expose himself!  We are in the End Times; the Bible warns us of what will happen!  Even if you are not a Christian, scientist even say that the end of the world is near.  Think about it, if you were trying to deceive someone would you expose your intentions?  We believe that the LGBTQ Community is a tactic of the devil to demonize Christians and blame our nations problems on us!  After we are demonized, we will be subjected to “bow down” to the LGBTQ community by accepting views that don’t line up with our beliefs and if we don’t we will be thrown in camps- literally! (Also, the economy will crash in 2019 and it will be far worse than 1929- prophetic insight. When you see these events on the news, I hope that you will come back and re-read what I am telling you!)

After the world “ends”, we believe that the devil will not have any more influence on God’s people because an Angel will lock him into Hell!  Then God will give all humans a second chance to turn to him over an 1,000 year period.  After this grace period there will be judgement!  “And I saw an angel coming down out of heaven, having the key to the Abyss……he seized the dragon, the ancient serpent, who is the devil and bound him for a thousand years…..he threw him into the Abyss, and locked and sealed it over him, to KEEP HIM FROM DECIEVING the nations anymore” (The Bible, Revelation 20:1-3).  I said all that to make my point that the devil is deceiving people by assigning demons at birth that cause these hormone imbalances and malformed genitalia.  I believe that it is a trick of the enemy.  Although I will never agree with the LGBTQ community, I still won’t judge those who are being tormented.  Love, Jesus, and God is what keeps the world going round! “Judge not, or you will be judged”- Jesus!

The thing about the devil is that he will trick you into sinning, and then let that sin destroy you.  An example would include how transgender people have absolutely HORRIBLE health care and are subjected to horrific violence!  It is not fair that a woman that wants to get her boobs and butt done, which have no functional purpose get treated far better than people that are transitioning and have functional issues that MUST be fixed!  There are many accounts of how transgender people have been discriminated against.  There was an instance where a transgender veteran was denied medication while staying in a Long Island jail for burglary.  Jessica was needing estrogen so badly because her anger was overloading her mental capacity to function (Leland 2019).  A 32- year old trans man arrived in the emergency room because of an ectopic pregnancy.  Unfortunately his case was misdiagnosed by the nurse as stable and he ended up delivering a stone cold, dead baby!  The death of the baby probably couldn’t of been prevented, but if the doctor wouldn’t have sent him for an emergency C-section he could of died himself (Stroumsa 2019).

According the American College of Pediatrics, some physicians have come to the conclusion that child gender dysphoria, or allowing children to pick their own gender is child abuse (APIS 2017).  Depending on your beliefs, one could completely agree with this statement or one could declare it as callous and cruel.  Opponents of this statement probably believe that it would actually be cruel to force a child to identify with a gender that they did not feel themselves as.  Proponents would believe that it would be abuse because children learn from their environment and confusion can cause people to think or make decisions that they truly don’t want.  Its always mind over matter, your mind is very powerful and can actually trick you into thinking things that just aren’t true (the devil)!  If a person opposes this statement then they probably feel extremely offended, isolated, and hurt by how pediatrics are treating this issue.

There have been several attempts to advocate to transgender rights and help with medical care and psychological care!  According the Politico, the Trump Administration is trying to cut back on ObamaCare and deplete health care for trans individuals (Diamond 2019).  I believe that Trump is doing this due to religious beliefs, which I can fully support!  At the same time it is grieving to see how badly these people are being treated, but God says that he will turn people over to their own devices so that they can see just how miserable they are and turn back to him!  It seems that things are getting worse for the health and mental well being for trans people in this country.  I presume that the next President will be an advocate for trans health and will give them more benefits.  It is very sad to see the little amount of respect that these people are getting, but for me it is kind of hard to understand why someone would choose this lifestyle.  I am not being critical, but I honestly just cant imagine what is going through their heads.   I can understand medical conditions such as gland or hormonal disorders, but not the fact that some people switch with no medical evidence!

 

 

 

Religious Videos**

Satan Has Many Disguises

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjlx4iMvOTiAhUKheAKHcuZAZwQFjABegQIBhAB&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fscience%2F10-times-experts-predicted-the-world-would-end-by-now&usg=AOvVaw1WU_7SFIqdd4Y6AFnjGxot&cshid=1560360621559870

Artifact Videos**

Artifact 6- It’s Just Blood, Suck It Up!

Menstruation is viewed differently in different cultures and societies.  Menarche, the first occurrence of menstruation, is celebrated by some cultures and shamed by others.  The Swiss Army, keen on menstruation or not, have found tactful uses for tampons.  Tampons can be used for bandages, water filters, fire tinder’s, survival straws, cordage, and survival fishing bobbers (Manly Skills 2017).  Menstruation and its tools are very important for some soldiers survival when deployed.  It is a requirement for every female to have at least two tampons in the lower left pocket at all times!  You never know when a tampon could save your life!

Menarche and menstruation can also be accustomed to certain cultural rituals in some regions of Africa.  The Malawi’s culture views menarche as a chance to cleanse and purify the women.  After a woman’s first period she has three days to have sex to “purify” or “cleanse” herself.  Some families even hire “hyena’s”, which are men that are hired to have sex with these newly menstruating females.  One man was taken to jail because he had sex with over 100 women and was HIV positive!  Using a condom is prohibited during this “ritual”, so he had the potential to spread this disease to all of the women that he had sex with (Jacewicz 2016).

The Jewish Orthodox religion views menstruation as “dirty” and “unholy”.  Women are supposed to refrain from touching and sleeping with their husbands for two weeks after their menstruation cycle has started.  On the last day of menstruation, women are supposed to get “purified” by taking a bath that goes up to their jaws.  After this purification process is complete they can go back to their husbands and do as they please!  If a woman breaks the rules of this practice, then it is considered to be sinning against God.  If she sins against God, then she and her household will face God’s judgement against them!  This practice seems to be strictly enforced throughout Jewish communities.

In Nepal menstruation is viewed with a negative connotation.  During menstruation, women are banished from their villages and households and are forced to live in a hut for the week!  This practice originated from Hindu mythology that if a woman did not obey this practice then the gods would punish her and her family!  Villagers believe that women are “unclean” and can transmit many diseases while they are menstruating.  This practice was abolished by India’s Supreme Court in 2005, but some regions still practice this.  Making women live in a hut is not safe at all; in fact many women have died in these huts.  They either die from carbon monoxide poisoning from the fires lit to keep them warm and cook food, or they get killed by predators (Preiss 2016).

For the most part the United States has a repressive attitude towards menstruation.  Alisha Coleman , an employee of the Bobby Dodd Institute in Fort Benning, got fired for “leaking menstrual blood at work” (Chandler 2017).  She filed a lawsuit for discrimination; the district court dismissed her case.  The judge pointed out that if a man soiled himself due to incontinence problems then he would be treated more fairly because he was a male.  Menstruation is a topic that no one wants to talk about publicly because social stigma’s tell us not to!  I grew up in a household that taught me to keep these things to myself, like many others in my town.  Personally, I don’t find it embarrassing to talk about but I was taught that it was “unlady-like” to talk about those things, especially in public!  Honestly, it is a fact of life and it should be talked about.  There is little to no awareness of discrimination and abuse towards women.  People need to know these things!  I had no idea that in other cultures and religions that women were so harshly discriminated against!  It is very sad, and I believe that things should change!

 

https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2016/08/17/490121285/a-swimmers-period-comment-breaks-taboos-in-sports-and-in-china

Arifact 5-

Female circumcision is any cutting, removal, or alteration of female genitalia.  There are four different types of female circumcision, and most cases fall within the first three.  Type I, otherwise known as “sunna circumcision”, is the partial or complete removal of the clitoral hood.  Type II is the removal of the clitoral hood, and partial or all removal of the labia minora.  Type III, otherwise known as infibulation, is the removal of the clitoral hood and sewing the labia minora and labia majora across the vaginal opening leaving a hole for menstruation and keeping the urethra uncovered.  Type IV are any other nonmedical harmful procedures to the female genitalia like piercing, cauterization, and scraping.  These different procedures are performed at clinics in north Africa, India, and some places in the United States secretly preform circumcision.

There are many origins of this practice; some religions believe that circumcising females keeps them “pure” for the men.  In Sierra Leone, little girls are required to get their clitoris’ removed.   It would be culturally unacceptable if any girl refuses to get this  procedure done!  After the circumcision the female patient or “victim” is considered to be a real woman (Turay- YouTube).  This procedure is considered an initiation in their culture, so if you are not initiated then you are rejected and considered promiscuous.  Even though female circumcision is accepted in many African cultures, most of the world believes that it is inhumane and has no medical benefit towards the individuals.  For example, female circumcision was banned in Egypt but midwifes still secretly perform this procedure.  People will do anything for money if they need it.

The only benefits to female circumcision is cultural or religious acceptance to that individual’s society.  These procedures “limits a [woman’s] sexuality and is physically and emotionally harmful” (National Geographic).  According to the World Health Organization, female circumcision has no health benefits and only provokes harm to women around the world (World Health Organization).  Circumcision has many negative effects on women’s health including postpartum hemorrhage, obstructed labor, and dysmenorrhea (Alexandria Journal of Medicine 2016).  Women and young girls also have a high chance of infection due to lack of medical expertise that are performing these procedures.  According to the United Nations Population Fund, around 200 million girls and women “have been subjected” to female circumcision (UNPFA 2018).  UNPFA have attempted to accelerate and enhance the complete elimination of female circumcision across the globe.

Since 1996 some countries in Africa have banned circumcision due to UNPFA’s efforts to educate the entire continent.  These countries include Nigeria, Egypt, Chad, Ethiopia, and Uganda.  Factors that prevent complete elimination of these practices include cultural rituals, traditions, lack of knowledge, and refusal to change their cultural traditions.  These practices persist because circumcision is a big part of some cultures, especially in Africa.  Circumcision can even provide economic benefits to that individual.  If a female is not circumcised then they are shunned from their society and lose all of their trading and “citizen” rights (NCBI 2016).  Organizations have traveled to these countries to try and educate the midwives that are performing these procedures, along with education the rest of the population.

 

Guyland Essay

Many men and women feel imprisoned due to traditional stereotypes that have been poisoning people’s minds for centuries.  These stereotypes affect how young men and women view themselves by setting a “standard” and if an individual does not meet that standard then they are judged for it.  Pornography can be considered one of those “standards” within sexual relationships between individuals.  Some people treat porn like it is sexual education and use it as the “textbook” to what is and what is not great sex.  Porn affects how both men and women view themselves during sex.  According to the New York Times, more women are seeking genital cosmetic surgery due to their self conscious thoughts of not looking like the women in the porn videos (Rabin 2016).  The most common surgery being the Labiaplasty, which reshapes the external fatty tissue (vulva) by surgically cutting and reshaping.

Porn can have a negative effect on sexual relations within relationships.  According to Noah Church, watching porn for long periods of time caused him to have a decreased sex drive when it came to actually having sexual relations with a woman himself.  Its almost as if the porn he was watching was putting his mind into a false reality.  Men who are addicted to porn admit to depersonalizing themselves while they are having sex because it is the only way that they can “get off”.  Porn addiction has ruined relationships and sexual performance for avid viewers.  This porn addiction can be considered as Guyland.  If there is a Guyland then there is a Girlland.  Women face more prejudice in today’s society.  It is socially acceptable for men to “hook-up” with as many partners as they please, but women are named as sluts when try and follow these footsteps.

This prejudice has affected self-confidence and self- identity in many women today.  Miley Cyrus admits to being subjected to these judgments.  She described wearing a modest dress on stage and one of her fans yelled out that she was boring.  She also described another show when she was wearing nothing but a bra and tight shorts, and one of her fans named her a “slut”.  Miley is torn between two extremes and can’t figure out how to please her fans.  This social judgement of what women should and shouldn’t wear has obviously impacted Miley Cyrus’ performance and mental health.  Thankfully she found a mate that likes her for her, so now she has little regards as to what people think of her.  Pornography has set a standard of either acceptance or rejection, depending on the individuals religious beliefs.  Most Christians would cringe at the sight of naked men and women videoing themselves engaging in sadistic acts just to please the porn addicts.

Nonbinary and transgender individuals are also affected by the porn industry.  Sam Escobar, a transgender individual, admitted to never being attracted to men and would even watch porn from a males perspective (Cox 2016).  Depending on which sex you find attractive, porn affects a huge chunk of the American population today.  Porn has been shown to be worse for a person’s brain than heroin ( NCBI Love 2015).

 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HweGILHWTZ4

 

 

Artifact 4- The Weakness of Our Health

Gender stereotypes affect the health of men and women all around the world.  Factors that lead to these differences include genetics, chromosome assortment, symptomologies and occupations.  Women seem to face more social stress due to care taking, nursing, while men seem to face more physical stress such as lifting heavy objects and working in more dangerous environments (Regitz-Zagrosek 2012).  Men and women also face different symptoms for common diseases.  For example, men and women have different symptoms for cardiovascular diseases including heart attacks.  Women get abdominal pain, discomfort in the neck and jaw, shortness of breath, stomach pain, nausea, and vomiting.  Men get chest pain, discomfort to the shoulders and back, and sweating.  Until 1990 the difference of symptomology led scientists to believe that women were unaffected by cardiovascular disease.  This is because women were thought of as “little men” and were therefore excluded from research studies.  Female exclusion from research studies have led to the lack or slow progression towards women’s health rights such as no pay while on maternity leave (Scientific American 2017).

Gender stereotypes have influenced individual behaviors that have led to these health differences between men and women.  Most men refuse to go to the doctor’s due to the fact that they would be seen as “weak” or “lacking” of their masculinity.  This most likely leads to the lack of data on men, given certain conditions such as depression and osteoporosis.  It is hard for men to admit that they are hurt or injured, especially if that condition could lead to embarrassment (Cleveland Clinic 2016).  Women are more often the care takers of the family which gives them inspiration to seek medical care more often.  Women and men also differ with mental illnesses due to their occupations or different life experiences.  More men tend to suffer from PTSD because of military deployments and exposures to life or death situations.  While women can also obtain PTSD from sexual harassment, the amount of these cases are minimal compared to military expenditures(Olff- NCBI 2017).  According to the Lancet Psychiatry, women are more likely to face gender related violence which influences the status of their mental health.

These violent encounters such as sexual harassment, domestic violence, and trafficking greatly impact a woman’s self image and sense of security.  These horrid encounters often lead to severe depression and low self confidence (Lancet Psychiatry 2016).  Power inequalities such as male domination in the workplace leads to the manipulation of the “weaker” sex (women) and gives way to many types of harassment.  According to the Institute for Women’s Policy Research, harassment towards women in the workplace has discouraged them to move up the ladder causing a huge gap initiating the gender wage gap (Shaw 2018).  In India, patriarchy is the biggest inducer affecting women’s mental health.  Caste discrimination, very similar to America’s “southern prejudice’, have affected the outraging reported cases of mental illness in women today.  Women cannot have high positions within the Caste system which leads to extreme violence and discrimination to women who try to stand up for their human rights.

 

Artifact 3- Who runs the world?

The global gender gap is caused by gender inequalities from education, misrepresentation in politics, healthcare, and reproductive control.  Scientists have determined four main modes of measurement to attempt to quantify this gender gap.  These four measurements include economic participation, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment.  The top three ranked countries include Iceland, Norway, and Sweden.  The bottom three ranked countries in the global gender gap rankings include Iraq, Pakistan, and Yemen.  The United States is ranked in the top third at 51st.  There are several cultural and social reasons that would explain each countries ranking.

The top three countries are at the top because they have better education and health.  The bottom ranked countries are at the bottom because of patrilineal culture, lack of political empowerment, lack of health care, and lack of education for female citizens.  In these countries women are seen secondary to men, and men have little respect for their female counterparts.  Pakistan’s lack of political empowerment has ceased women’s voices by causing severe segregation between genders (Kazmi 2018).  Iceland was the top ranked country because of its economic status, pagan religion, and its immense political empowerment given to female citizens.  Females are almost equally represented in Iceland’s Parliament due to a Feminism movement in the late 1960’s.  Women have been given a voice that can be heard via political positions.  Political empowerment seems to be one of the most important factors in high rankings of gender equality.  If women need more benefits in the healthcare field, then they need a person that has political influence to stand up for their rights- whether that person be male or female.  Political empowerment seems to be the basis of getting voices heard and the basis of getting discrimination dealt with.

According to the World Economic Forum, the United States was not ranked in the top ten because of the underrepresentation of women in the STEM field, lack of gender parity and lack of women’s healthcare (Cann 2018).  The top ten ranked countries seemed to have higher rankings in the political empowerment categories.  For example, Iceland had a ranking of 1, Norway sat at third, Sweden sat at seventh, and the United States was ranked 98th (WEF 2018).  The United States needs to put more effort into women’s healthcare by allowing women more political empowerment.  If there are women delegates and candidates, then their are more voices to advocate for women’s health.  Issues such as maternity leave without pay, lack of prenatal care, longevity, and post pregnancy deaths should be addressed as an emergency to our nation.

Reproductive responsibilities can potentially restrict women’s mobility and role in society.  This has contributed to the global gender gap because when women are taking care of these responsibilities they most likely aren’t in good enough health or don’t have time for a full time job.  If a woman is not working then they don’t get paid.  It is not fair for companies to treat pregnancy as an injury.  New mothers could be faced with post pregnancy medical issues like hemorrhages, infections, and blood clots.  Their babies can also have medical issues that need to be dealt with, that would also hinder a woman from working.  If women can’t work and men can, then that creates segregation and allows for men to have more opportunity to work.  This creates a societal gender gap, which eventually affects the global gender gap.  Some men also contribute to domestic responsibilities such as becoming stay at home dads, or taking time off of work to help out with the baby.  Men also indirectly contribute by bringing in more money to pay for domestic maintenance, supplies, food, and toiletries.

Gender inequality is caused by different factors depending on the society.  In Israel women were asked on the streets if they thought if men and women were treated equally in their culture.  One woman was in the Air Force and did not think that she was discriminated against at all, but for the most part women were stating that they were treated unfairly.  One woman admitted that she was paid less than a man, but stated that she “liked it because the men have more money to pay for [her] on dates” (Israelis – YouTube 2015).  Two other women also stated that their husbands “don’t clean or cook…and are just in the way” (Israelis- YouTube 2015).  There are very few female CEO’s or female representatives in the Israeli government to stand up for Israeli women.  They face the same issues as the United States-lack of political empowerment and economic opportunity.

 

 

YouTube Video Link

https://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=youtube+israeli+what+is+the+status+of+women+in+israel&view=detail&mid=CB8B18A56D0D817EEF17CB8B18A56D0D817EEF17&FORM=VIRE

 

 

 

 

 

 

what are men’s domestic responsibilities in the US.

Discuss factors related to inequalities in the country of your choice.

 

Image result for global gender gap humor

 

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjF9oKrwb7iAhWrg-AKHVZiD78QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Ffunny%2Fcomments%2F2hkowc%2Fgender_equality%2F&psig=AOvVaw3F3tvCzUsy_GS8jAEOmiKN&ust=1559142680264785

 

Artifact 2

The economy , social organizations, and political organizations have had different effects on gender relationships in different cultures.  Matrilineal cultures are affected by economics and politics in different ways compared to patrilineal cultures.  I will be comparing the Masuo of China to the United States in the mid-twentieth century.  The Masuo are an ethnic group residing near Lugu Lake in China.  They celebrate a matrilineal culture and participate in “walking marriages”.  These type of marriages happen often, and seem to attract a plethora of tourists.  Women can have an unlimited amount of marriages, but people in this group always reside in the house of their mother.  So there are no aunts and uncles, husbands go back to their mothers home after spending time with their wives.  There can be up to three generations of the family residing in one house at the same time (Kuhn 2016).  This type of set up has reduced the possessiveness and jealousy in male-female relationships.

The Masuo’s economy is based off of tourism, but this abrades social structure and motivates families to become smaller so that they income increases.  Since tourism has become lucrative among the Masuo, many women have left their mother’s homes due to the insufferable pressure that the outside world was bringing to their society.   Globalization and tourism has also changed the Masuo’s politics; political leaders used to be women, but since the surrounding states are politically dominated by men they have decided to appoint men for political roles.  Social organizations with the Masuo and neighboring communities are rare due to the prejudice put upon the Masuo for their unique relationship practices (Kuhn 2016).  Social organization within the Masuo is characterized by gender.  Men are in charge of funerals and slaughtering animals, while the women are in charge of giving birth and maintaining life within their society.  The women manage the farms, livestock, foraging, and preparation of meals and are highly independent from sterotypical gender stigmas.  Patrilineal cultures survive and presume different social roles than matrilineal cultures.

The United States celebrates a patrilineal culture and is known for presuming gender roles while using prejudice as their weapon.  Men did not believe that women were their equal, so they judged any woman who refused to submit to them.  During the Industrial Revolution, some women defied their social roles and worked in factories despite their husbands and daddy’s approvals.  This actually helped improve the United States’ economy status, but started to hinder women’s domestic lives due to lack of childcare.  Since women were seen as secondary to men, this was a huge step towards their rights to participate in society through politics and social organizations.  Due to the establishment of textile industries, women were allotted to be mill operators, which were crucial to the factories production and success rates.  Women received much lower work wages than men did and could only work in the light industries like soap factories.  Some women stepped out in prestige and became nurses, teachers, and secretaries- subsequent to the invention of the typewriter (The Industrial Economy, Chapter 6).  Politics, social status, and the economy were dominated by men.  Women were taught to bow down to their husbands and were expected to complete the domestic needs of the family- such as cooking, cleaning, and taking care of the kids.  Men did all the “dirty work” and were in charge in providing the income for their families.

In the Unites States, the stereotypical roles of men and women have dramatically changed over the last century.  Although women are still underpaid, they have rights to own property and reside within whichever occupation they choose.  Women are allowed to vote and are free to identify what they want in life and obtain it.  The playing field has become more equal between genders.  Globalization and development has shaped gender roles in the United States by learning from different cultures that women are just as equal as men.  Religion may also have a part in how women’s rights were established in the United States.

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Artifact 1- Gender- The Manifold Characteristic

Although many people use the terms “gender” and “sex” interchangeably, these terms are far from the same. Sex refers to biological characteristics, hormones, chromosomes, structures, internal environment, and external environment. Gender is the role and social identification of a person as either a male or female independent of sex (biological characteristics). Gender can be identified based on social environments, culture, personal experiences, and hormone conditions received at birth (Middlesexes 2005). Gender is usually identified by social and cultural roles and expectations. The way a society identifies its roles and expectations of each gender determines how people perceive and identify their own gender (Middlesexes 2005). Gender varies from society to society. Depending on the culture and society that a person grows up in, conclusions can be drawn that these roles and expectations are defined based on personal experiences.
There are three dimensions of gender: psychological, social, and behavioral. Gender identification can be based on psychological, or a person’s internal sense of being a male or female which may not be the same as the gender that they were assigned at birth. This can cause gender dysphoria- the anxiety someone feels when they identify with a gender other than the one given to them at birth. Behavior leads to gender expression- how a person expresses and is perceived by their appearance and actions. Gender is also determined by society; society tends to associate certain attributes, actions, and attitudes to a person’s biological sex. This is why a person’s culture and society has a huge impact on how they will choose to identify.
There are many stereotypes and biases that people face today regarding gender identification. Stereotypes depend on the cultural beliefs of that society; different parts of the world have different stereotypes. For example, West Virginia has a southern prejudice outlook upon society which most likely means that a person will be judged if they are different from the societal “norms”. If a person is born with male genitalia and identifies as a female, most restaurants and businesses will refuse to serve them. Generally speaking, West Virginia is very religious and uses the Bible as their caliber. “The woman shall not wear that which pertaineth unto a man, neither shall a man put on a woman’s garment: for all that do so are abomination unto the Lord thy God” (Deuteronomy 22:5). Although Jesus taught in parables and some verses should not be taken literally, most people take things out of context to ridicule people.
Another example includes stereotypes in Sweden; most of Sweden used to believe that the genitalia you were born with was the gender that you should identify with. Their beliefs have changed and now these stereotypes anger many Sweden citizens. Melisa Esteka, an outraged preschool teacher, has taken matters into her own hands and has encouraged the students to defy gender roles. She encourages them by making the girls play outside, making the boys play in the kitchen, and using pronouns such as “hen” rather than “he” or “she” (Barry 2018).
Gender can represent wealth, fortune, and social status in countries like Afghanistan. If a couple does not have a son then they are looked down upon and pitied because men act as powerful, authoritative figures in Afghan culture. Males symbolize success, so many families that do not have a son dress one of their daughters up boys to avoid the gossip and social scrutiny that their society impales upon them (Bacha Posh). Gender is more manifold than most people realize. Some people identify as nonbinary; this means that they neither identify as male or female. This categorization is considered to be called “third gender”. The consequences of identifying as “other” or “third gender” include being misunderstood and being accused of having a mental illness. An “intersex” can also be considered a third gender. Olympian track athlete, Caster Semenya, is an intersex whom was born with a hormone condition. Given the fact that the testosterone her body was making had no target, her athletic abilities were becoming enhanced. She was forced to compete with the male athletes in the 800 meter run. Caster was ridiculed and mocked by many athletes and fans. In 2012 there was a standard guideline for testosterone levels that were monitored for both female and male athletes. If a persons testosterone level exceeded this standard, then they would be forced to take medication to lower their levels in order to compete. Third gender was not accepted by most of the track and sports society.
Another example of third gender would include the Mahu of Hawaii. In Hawaiian culture Mahu means “third self” and is an accepted, valued, and respected practice in Hawaii. They describe the Mahu as someone that “embodies both the male and female spirit” (HuffPost- Queer Voices). The ability to embrace both male and female spirits is seen as a skill and is thought to empower that person as healers and teachers. Western civilization, Americans, invaded Hawaii and ridiculed the Mahu with their religious beliefs. In conclusion, cultural practices and personal experience have a huge impact on gender identity. The Mahu that practiced before the Americans invaded had different personal experiences than the Mahu that were practicing their beliefs during the invasion. Society has defined what is and what is not acceptable via social stigmas. Gender identity is based off of cultural practices, society, and personal experiences.